Morphilogy

Question 1

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

1.general description
- prokaryotes
- eukaryotes
2. DNA
- prokaryotes
- eukaryotes
3. cytoplasm # or ribosomes
- prokaryotes
*large
*small
- eukaryotes
*large
*small
4. cell wall
- prokaryotes
- eukaryotes
5. reproduction
- prokaryotes
- eukaryotes
6. Who has histones which is the basic protein found in this
7. in the large and small ribosomes, which does:
- catalyze the peptide bond
- responsible in binding mRNA

Answer 1

1.general description
- primitive nucleus
- true nucleus
2. DNA
- nucleus & plasmids
- nucleus & mitochondria
3.
- 70S
*50s
*30s
- 80S
*60s
*40s
4. cell wall
- complex
- simple
5. reproduction
- asexual
- sexual
6. Eukaryotes
7.
- 50s
- 30s

Question 2

Bacterial Shapes:
1. cocci
2. bacilli
3. spirals
- vibrio
- spirilla
- spirochetes, due to their shape the have ___

Answer 2

1. berry-shaped
2. rod-shaped
   3.
   - comma-shaped
   - cork-screw
   - motility

Question 3

Arrangement

Coccus
1. Single
2. Pairs
3. Chains
4. Group of 4/ Tetrads
5. Cube = 8
6. Grape like

Bacillus
1. Single
2. Pairs
3. Chains
4. Pilot fence
5. Oval but in cocci
- example
6. Colored

Answer 3

Coccus
1. Coccus
2. Diplococcus
3. Streptococcus
4. Tetracoccus
5. Sarcinae
6. Staphylococcus

Bacillus
1. Bacillus
2. Diplobacillus
3. Streptobacillis
4. Palisades
5. Coccobacillus
- coronea bacterium diphtherium
6. Trichrome

Question 4

Bacterial Structure

_____: major structural
component of bacteria. It is a strong and rigid structure
that protects and supports
weaker and biochemically more active parts of the cell

1. Aka ___ or ____
2. Prevents bacteria from bursting due to _____
3. gram + has thicker _____ so retains the _____

Gram Positive
1. components (2)
- which of two lacks in gram negative

Gram Negative
1. components (3)
- inner layer
- phospholipid bilater similar to cell membrane except it contains specialized lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins
- space between OM & inner cell membrane/ gel matrix
2. Components of Outer membrane
- causes fever to gram neg
- channel to allow passage of molecules and completely span OM and form pores of fixed diameter

Answer 4

CELL WALL

1. PEPTIDOGLYCAN/ MUREIN LAYER
2. OSMOTIC PRESSURE
3. PEPTIDOGLYCAN, CRYSTAL VIOLET

Gram Positive
1. PEPTIDOGLYCAN, TEICHOIC ACIDS
- TEICHOIC ACIDS

Gram Negative
1.
- PEPTIDOGLYCAN
- OUTER MEMBRANE
- PERIPLASMIC SPACE
2.
- LIPID A/ ENDOTOXIN
- PORIN PROTEINS

Question 5

Parts of Cell Wall

_____: classically associated with the cell wall

1. Types
   - tightly attached
   - loosely attached
2. Function
   - protect bacteria from phagocytosis
   - ___ to host surfaces

Answer 5

Glycocalyx

1. Types
   - Capsule
   - Slime layer
2. Function
   - Virulence factors
   - attachment

Question 6

Stage in Staining
1. first which is for 1min
2. Mordant stage
3. Differentiating stage for 30s
4. Red dye

Answer 6

1. Crystal violet
2. Gram’s iodine
3. Alcohol
4. Safranin

Question 7

Atypical cell wall

1. naturally-occurring wall-less bacteria (2)
   - they contain
2. gram pos but have very thick waxy layer made up of lipids and FA (____) so hydrophobic so they don’t stain with usual gram stain
   - example (2)

Answer 7

1. Mycoplasma species & Eureaplasma
   - sterols
2. Acid-Fast Cell Wall (mycolic acid)
   - Mycobacterium & Nocardia

Question 8

CELL APPENDAGES

1. for motility and survival and ability to cause disease
2. two protein filament building blocks in flagellum
3. arrangement:
   - bacteria w/o flagella
   - flagella all over surface
   - tuft of flagella at one end
   - one or more flagella at each end
   - one flagellum
   located at one end

Answer 8

1. FLAGELLA
2. FLAGELLIN
   - ATRICHOUS
   - PERITRICHOUS
   - LOPHOTRICHOUS
   - AMPHITRICHOUS
   - MONOTRICHOUS

Question 9

_____: A refractile oval body formed within the bacterial cell found intracellularly and extracellularly in
the usual stained smear; means resistant to extreme environment conditions

1. Terminal spore
   - spp
2. Sub terminal spore
   - spp
3. Central spore
   - spp

Answer 9

ENDOSPORES

1. Terminal spore
   - Clostridium tetani
2. Sub terminal spore
   - Clostridium botolinum
3. Central spore
   - Bacillus anthracis

Question 10

Hair-like appendages that are shorter, straighter and thinner than flagella

1. Located at the poles of the bacterial cell or can
   be evenly distributed over the entire surface of cell
   - for _____
2. Longer than fimbriae and there is only one or two per cell
   - Genetically determined by a fertility factor called _____

Answer 10

1. Fimbriae
   - bacterial adherence
2. Pili
   - F factor