morning Flashcards
milgram
40 american men, every ppt 300v, 12.5% stopped, 65% continued to highest level 450v
-S- Le Jeu De la Mort-80% 460v apparently unconscious man
-L- Milgram-75% thought real-Orne and Holland-ppts didnt believe in set up play acting-Gina Perry-tapes-half real-two thirds of these disobedient (C-Sheridan and King-real shocks puppies 54% men 100% women
Milgrams situational variables
PROXIMITY-T-L same room-40%. touch proximity electroshock plate-30%. remote instructions-20.5
LOCATION-run down office block rather than prestigious Yale University-47.5%
UNIFORM- member of public in everyday clothes-20%
S-Replicate in other cultures. Dutch ppts, ordered to say stressful things in interview to someone desperate for job-90%. Person giving orders not there obedience dropped dramatically. (C-Smith and Bond, identified only two replications, 1968,1985 India Jordan culturally quite different to US, other countries involved eg Spain Scotland quite similar culturally)
agent state
L-Rank and Jacobson-16/18 nurse lethal dose
Legitimacy of authority
16% australian women, 85% German ppts
Authoritarian personality
Adorno-2000 middle class, white Americans
S-Milgram and Elms-20 obedient participants vs control of 20 disobedient ppts
politically biased-Russian Bolshevism, Chinese Maoism-point out reality of left wing authoritarianism
social support
resisting obedience- Milgram 65%-10% when genuine ppt joined by disobedient confederate
S-Evaluated ‘Teen fresh start USA’-8 week programme-help pregnant adolescents 14-19 resist peer pressure to smoke. Social support provided by slightly older mentor or ‘buddy’. C-Allen and Levine 36%
S-research support for dissenting peers-ppts told to produce evidence help oil company run a smear campaign- higher levels resistance than milligram-ppts in groups so could discuss what they were told to do. 29/33 groups of ppts (88%) rebelled against orders. Shows peer support can lead to disobedience by undermining the legitimacy of the authority figure.
LOC
S-Holland-37% internals didn’t continue, 23% externals didn’t continue.
L-Analysed data from American LOC studies conducted over 40 year period. More resistance to obedience-mire external
Minority influence
consistency-synchronic consistency (They’re all saying the same thing), diachronic consistency (they’ve been saying the same thing for some time now)
S-Moscovici- group of 6 ppl asked to view set of 36 blue coloured slides that varied in intensity- then had to state whether slides blue/green. 2 confederates each group-said slides green. Ppts said green on 8.4% of trials. Second group-inconsistent minority green 24 blue 12- ppts said green 1.2% of time
S-Wood carried out meta analysis of 100 similar studies to Moscovici and found minorities who were seen as being consistent were most influential.
social change
-Obedience research-Zimbardo suggested how obedience can be used to create social change through the process of gradual commitment- once a small instruction is obeyed, it becomes much more difficult to resist a bigger one. People essentially ‘drift’ into a new kind of behaviour.
counterpoint to NSI strength- review of social norms interventions as part of the ‘gold standard’ Cochrane Collaboration. Included 70 studies where social norms approach used to reduce student alcohol use. Small reduction in drinking quantity and no effect on drinking frequency. Normative influence doesn’t always produce long term social change.
S-social change due to type of thinking minorities inspire- divergent thinking- this type of thinking is broad rather than narrow- thinker active searches for information and weighs up more options.Leads to better decisions and more creative solutions to social issues.
