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Soils 1 > More Unit 3 > Flashcards

More Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Functions of Soil Organisms?

A
  • Breakdown O.M. which makes nutrients available for uptake
  • Nutirents stored in Organisms prevent nutrient loss from leaching
  • Microbes produce waste products that help maintain the soil structure
  • Earthworms help distribute these products through the soil profile
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2
Q

What is the Soil Food Web?

A
  • The community of organisms in the soil that are all interdependant.
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3
Q

Why are there less living organisms on a golf course?

A
  • Less plant diversity
  • Non-target effect of pesticides
  • Sandy Soils in general have less organisms
    • droughty and low O.M.
  • Cultural Practices deter them/kill them
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4
Q

Where are soil organisms found?

A
  • In the Rhizosphere
  • Litter
  • Humus
  • On and Between aggregates
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5
Q

What is the Rhizosphere and what heppens there?

A
  • A narrow region of soil directly around the roots
  • The plant’s nutrient cycling and disease suppression happens here
  • Bacteria feed off sloughed off plant cells
  • Protozoa and nemotodes graze on bacteria
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6
Q

Plant roots leak _______.

A

Sugars

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7
Q

Only _________ make some of the enzymes needed to degrade the complex compounds in humus.

A

Fungi

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8
Q

What is the result of a plant leaking sugars?

A
  • Sugars attract microbes
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9
Q

what do microbes do for the plant?

A
  • microbes help protect the plant from disease
  • microbes release nutrients that the plant can use
  • some microbes improve water uptake in plants
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10
Q

In the soil…who gets to eat first…plants or microbes?

A

Microbes

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11
Q

How much Nitrogen from the soil will a microbe take in before the plant gets a chance?

What does it do with the Nitrogen?

A
  • up to 70% of the Nitrogen
  • It turns it into gas
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12
Q

What are the different types of bacteria called?

A
  • Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
  • Nitrifying Bacteria
  • Denitrifying Bacteria
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13
Q

What is the Seasonal Microbial Activity ?

(what time of year are they the most or least active?

A

They become active after the last frost of the winter…they peak in the early summer and begin to decline as summer ends and after the first frost, they rapidly decline until spring

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14
Q

What does Eukaryotic mean?

A
  • Organized nucleous with a membrane
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15
Q

What soil organism has the highest population?

A

Bacteria

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16
Q

________ is a single celled organism.

A

Bacteria

17
Q

Bacteria are prokaryotic, which means:

A

They have no nucleous

18
Q

How do Bacteria play a role in the Nitrogen cycle?

A

They can take N2 and turn it into a form of Nitrogen that plants can use (NO3- NO4+)

19
Q

Some bacteria do Denitrification…what is it?

A

turning NO3- NH4+ into N2

20
Q

define:

Symbiotic

A

Mutually beneficial

21
Q

What made Actinomyces so famous?

A

It gave us the first cure for Tuberculosis

22
Q

Actinomyces dont have a nucleous….which makes them _________.

A

Prokaryotic

23
Q

Actinomyces are multicellular.

True or False?

A

True

24
Q

If you smell a “musty” or “earthy” smell ….. most likely it’s _________ that you’re smelling.

A

Actinomyces

25
Q

Fungi are ________ and _________.

A

Eukaryotic and Multicellular

26
Q

What are Fungi really good at?

A

Decaying Wood

27
Q

What type of soil do Fungi like to hangout in?

A

Acidic soils…..Low pH

28
Q

A Nematode is a ……

A

Mocroscopic, non-segmented worm

29
Q

Who is Selman Waksman and why is he important?

A

He coined the term ‘antibiotics’ and his team descovered streptomycin which became the first cure for TB.

For this he received the Nobel Prize.

30
Q

When nematodes eat bacteria or fungi….what do they release?

A

Ammonium

31
Q

What is a great indicator of soil health?

A

Earthworms. If you have them in abundance, it’s healthy. If not, figure out how to get them there.

32
Q

What do earthworms do for the soil?

A
  • They are the major decomposers of dead and organic matter
  • They cultivate the soil by eating and shitting.
  • Their feces is very high in nutrients
  • Enhance porosity as they move through the soil
  • Distribute O.M. to multiple soil layers
33
Q

How do Earthworms improve soil water holding capacity and root growth?

A
  • As they move, they creat small channels in the soil that allows water to flow through the soil and allows roots to grow easier.
  • Their castings aid in aggregate formation
34
Q

Define Organic Matter:

A

Organic material that has been decomposed into humus.

35
Q

Define Organic Material:

A

Anything that was alive that is now in or on the soil

36
Q

Why is Organic Material less stable than Organic Matter in the soil?

A

Organic Material is constantly changing form and mass as it decomposes.

37
Q

What are the benefits of Organic Matter?

A
  • Enhances biological activity
  • Improves cation exchange
  • Increases water holding capacity
  • Increases porosity and infiltration
  • Improves soil structure and tilth
  • Reduces crusting and erosion
38
Q

Bacteria sometimes turn NO3-NH4+ into N2…..this is called:

A

Denitrification

39
Q

The Rutgers Scientist who’s team discovered the 1st cure for TB is….

A

Selman Waksman

Soils 1 (7 decks)

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