More things i REALLY just can't rember i dont know why

Question 1

What are the goals of the HMP (Human microbiome project)?

Answer 1

1. Developing a reference set of microbial genome sequences and to perform preliminary characterization of the human microbiome (for ‘normal’ microbiome)
2. Explore the relationship between disease and changes in the human microbiome
3. Develop new technologies and tools for analysis
   Establish a resource repository
4. Study the ethical, legal and social implications of doing this research

Question 2

What did the HMP find out about the human microbiome?

Answer 2

• Strong niche specialisation within and among individuals (different sites have different microbes)
• Diversity and abundance of each habitat’s signature microbes vary widely even among healthy individuals
• Types of microbes vary between individuals due to the environment they are exposed to.
• Gut samples are similar amongst humans as we all eat around the same thing = gut does the same thing in all of us
• Although there is variation, core groups of organisms can be identified for different sites

Question 3

FOUR MOST COMMONC COMMUNITES

Answer 3

Firmicutes
Bacteroidetes
Actinobacteria
Proteobacteria

Question 4

What does the change in pH of the human gut mean for microbes?

Answer 4

They will have different selection pressures so there will be different microbes.

• Amounts of microbes will increase down the human gut
• Also changing the aerobic status as you go down the gut

Question 5

Probiotics vs prebiotics

Answer 5

Live microorganisms - vs

An ingredient that beneficially nourishes the good bacteria already in the large bowel or colon

• Stimulates the growth of probiotics
• The body itself does not digest these plant fibres; instead the fibres act as a “fertilizer” to promote the growth of many of the good bacteria in the gut. May provide many digestive and general health benefits.

Question 6

What bacteria do prebiotics target?

Answer 6

Some target Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli

Question 7

What are some examples of the good bacteria found in the gut

Answer 7

Bifidobacteria
E coli
Lactobacilli

Question 8

What are some examples of the bad bacteria found in the gut?

Answer 8

Campylobacter
Enterococcus faecalis
Clostridium difficile

Question 9

Out of nuclear pores?

Answer 9

mRNA and tRNA ans ribsomal sununit

Question 10

in?

Answer 10

building blocks, energy, control signal

Question 11

What is the nuclear lamina?

Answer 11

maintains cell shape and helps oragnise packing of DNA (intermediate filaments)

Question 12

What is nucleolus responsible for?

Answer 12

The nucleolus is
responsible for making
ribosomal RNA which
combines with proteins to
produce ribosomes

Question 13

DNA organisation?

Answer 13

The DNA double helix is about 2nm in diameter, the helix ineracts with specific histone proteins (H2-H4) and forms a 10nm fibre, each bead called a nucleosome.
Further interactions between
the DNA and another histone
(H1) cause the 10nm fibre to
coil to form the 30nm fibre
v This 30nm fibre then loops to
form 300nm fibre
v During cell division the 300nm
fibres coil to form metaphase
chromosomes

Question 14

What is a karyotupe?

Answer 14

karyotype which can be used to

screen for chromosomal defects

Question 15

Euchromatin vs heteromatin

Answer 15

less dense, contains genes
being used by that cell

more dense, contains
genes not being used by
that cell
v dynamic relationship
between euchromatin and
heterochromatin

Question 16

What happens in the initiation stage of Translation?

Answer 16

The small ribosomal subunits finds the initiation AUG codon on the mRNA. The AUG codon is positioned in the P site of the small ribosomal subunit.

• A tRNA ‘charged’ with the amino acid Methionine binds to the P site
• The large ribosomal subunit attaches above small subunit

Question 17

What happens during elongation of Translation?

Answer 17

1. A charged tRNA, with an anticodon complementary to the A codon lands in the A site
2. The ribosome will break the bond that binds the amino acids to the tRNA in the P site, transfer the amino acid to the newly arrived amino acid (attached to the tRNA in the A site) and form a peptide bond between them.
   - While the tRNAs are bound to the mRNA (in the P and A sites), the ribosome moves three nucleotides down the mRNA

The tRNA with the growing amino acid chain up in the P site (was in the A site) so that the chain of amino acids can exit through the tunnel above the P site
‘Uncharged’ tRNA in the E site (was in the P site)
3. In the E site, the ‘uncharged’ tRNS detaches from its anticodon and is expelled. A new ‘charged’ tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the next A site codon enters the ribosome at the A site and the process is repeated