more practice questions Flashcards
Ich (“white spot disease”) in fish –
1. full name of agent
2. type of agent
3. treatment
4. what environmental factor needs to be correlated with treatment frequency?
- Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
- large, rolling ciliates
- formalin
- higher temps => more frequent treatments necessary
What are the viruses of sheep and pigs that mirror BVDV in cows?
sheep - border virus
pigs - classical swine fever
what fundic changes are seen in cats with taurine deficiency?
feline central retinal degeneration; elliptical area(s) of tapetal hyperreflectivity centrally
what block is specific and provides full relief for laminitis?
abaxial sesamoid
what are the 4 main leg blocks used for horses, in ascending order?
- palmar digital
- abaxial sesamoid
- low 4 point
- high 4 point
what cat breeds tend to be blood Type B (rather than Type A like most cats)?
the extra fancy ones = british shorthair, devon & cornish rex, Ragdolls, Scottish Folds, Persians, and Himalayans
(NOT tonkingese, siamese, oriental shorthairs)
what is the protocol for an unvaccinated dog bitten by a suspected rabid animal?
1) euth and test
OR
2) vaccinate immediately and quarantine for 4 months
what animals get urate uroliths?
dalmations & PSS/liver disease patients
what is the classic population presentation for equine herpesvirus?
URI foals with copious nasal discharge; followed by an abortion storm of late-term pregnancies several months later
what kinds of drugs cannot be administered into the caudal half of reptiles and why?
nephrotoxic drugs (ie. aminoglycosides like gentamicin) because they have a renal-portal system and blood from the caudal half first goes to the kidneys
what clinical sign(s) does fusobacterium necophorum cause in each of the following species:
cow
pig
ruminant
cow - metritis, hepatic abscess, necrotic laryngitis
pig - necrotic rhinitis (young pigs) or foot rot
ruminant - foot rot or gastroenteritis
what is candidiasis and a common etiologic factor for it?
- yeast infection with normal flora
- overgrowth occurs due to long-term systemic antibiotic therapy altering the natural microbiome
what is necrotic laryngitis (cows) and how to treat it?
= calf diphtheria
caused by Histophilus somni –> fusobacterium necrophorum
treat aggressively with abx (ie. tetracycline IV then subq) and NSAIDs
What does papple shape in cows indicate?
vagal indigestion, ie. failure of omasal transport
what is the purpose of feeding a DCAD (dietary cation-anion difference) diet to cows?
prevent milk fever by enhancing parathyroid function which allows increased Ca absorption
what are the ferret “big three”?
- insulinoma
- adrenal gland tumor
- lymphoma
what does fescue toxicosis (Neotyphodium coenophialum ingestion) cause in pregnant mares?
prolonged gestation and agalactia
What agent can cause severe abdominal pain and fever in humans after eating pork?
Yersinia enterocolitica
what is the incubation period for Clostridium tetani?
~2 weeks
what is Tyzzer’s disease and who does it affect?
Clostridium piliformis infection, which causes an acute necrotizing hepatitis in neonatal foals
what are the signs of fowl/avian pox and how is it spread?
wart-like nodules and scabs on the comb, waddles, feet, and vent. spread by mosquitoes
what can cause hypothyroidism in foals?
inappropriate dietary iodine by mare or foal
list some symptoms of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle
- muffled heart sounds or heart murmur
- fever
- stiff, arched gait
- distended jugular veins
- positive grunt test (pain when pressing on xiphoid)
What are the signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?
- white plaques on conjunctiva & nasal epithelium
- hacking cough
- fever
- abortions
What predisposes for right dorsal colitis in horses?
NSAID admin
Describe grass tetany (who, why, what)
- lactating ewes/cows/goats on lush pasture
- hypomagnesemia (and often concurrent hypocalcemia)
- weakness, hyporexia, collapse, convulsions, tetany, death
What parasite makes young puppies cough?
toxocara canis
what management strategy is employed for reducing caseous lymphadenitis in sheep herds?
vaccination
how do you treat heartworm in cats?
prednisolone and heartgard!
adulticidals can be fatal to cats
how long do you treat deep pyoderma in a dog?
1-3 weeks past clinical resolution of signs (usually 6-8 weeks total)
what etiologic agent often causes pulmonary abscesses to form in horses?
rhodococcus equi
what does the % in X% mannitol mean?
add a 0 to the number and that is the mg/mL concentration
(ie. 25% mannitol = 250 mg/mL mannitol)
what is the PRIMARY agent of infectious footrot in small ruminants? (fusobacterium necrophorum is secondary)
Dichelobacter nodosus
what is American Foulbrood in bees?
the worst!!! spore-forming bacteria called Paenibacillus; spores can last 70 years!!!
brood turns brown and desiccates, easily diagnosed by match stick test where desiccated brood can be pulled up in a 2 cm rope (stringy).
management is burning all bees and equipment. reportable in some states; always need to alert nearby beekeepers
what is European Foulbrood in bees?
Melisococcus pluton, disease of stressed bees, brood turns brown and desiccated, treatment is stress reduction and oxytetracycline (mix with powdered sugar or sugar water) but honey withdrawal time is 6 weeks
what are varroa mites in bees?
blood-sucking red mites that live on the dorsum of bees, low level is normal, higher level is a problem – should not be able to see them normally. integrated pest management (check counts, rotate treatment with mite-specific pesticides)
what is colony collapse disorder in bees?
all adult bees (workers and drones) disappear, and no dead bodies seen – the queen, brood, and honey are all fine
what causes bacillary hemoglobinuria (redwater) in cattle?
liver fluke migration causing damage –> clostridium novyi type D (AKA clostridium hemolyticum) infection
what can cause vulvar and rectal edema (+/- prolapse) in pigs?
mycotoxin zearalenone
what is treatment for listeria in ruminants?
penicillin
what is chorioptes equi?
mange mite usually located at the foot/fetlock, esp in feathered hair
what are osselets in horses?
inflammation of the periosteum of the front canon bone & fetlock joint, causing a short choppy gait and progressive lameness
what pathogen causes SCUD in turtles?
citrobacter freundii
how is AFRICAN swine fever transmitted?
soft ticks or direct contact
what does organophosphate exposure cause in bird embryos?
skeletal developmental abnormalities and subq emphysema
if a cat presents with rapid shallow breathing, quiet lung sounds, and normal heart sounds, where is the disease and what should be done?
pleural space (effusion or pneumothorax); thoracocentesis
what are signs of chlamydia psittaci (ornithosis) in turkeys?
multi-system disease and basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions of infected organs
what are signs of HGE and what is the most important component of treatment?
vomiting, bloody diarrhea, discordantly HIGH PCV;
aggressive IVF therapy
what type of “normal” GI parasite usually causes the most severe illness across various species of various ages, and can even be deadly?
whipworms - trichuris spp.
what is the most common side effect of KBr?
sedation
what are the signs seen with acute ileitis in pigs?
sudden death of multiple adult pigs; large amounts of red, clotted blood in SI and spiral colon with NO gross mucosal thickening
what is the causative agent of acute ileitis in pigs?
lawsonia intraccellularis
what is administered in the case of sand colic in horses?
psyllium
why can neuro signs sometimes be seen with colic in horses?
intestinal disease –> hyperammonemia –> encephalopathy and neuro signs
what is seen with milkweed ingestion?
acute death
what is seen with bracken fern ingestion in ruminants?
BM suppression after a long period
what is seen with ragwort ingestion?
liver disease after several months
what is seen with moldy sweet clover ingestion?
vit K antagonism coagulopathy after a long period
what volume of fluids should you give to an extremely dehydrated cow/calf?
10% of body weight in kg = amount of fluids in liters
what pig disease causes stillborns/mummies but NOT abortions?
parvovirus
what treatment is used for ARVC?
sotalol
what is seen with Salmonella dublin in cattle?
septicemia in calves 4-8 weeks; petchiae; heavy wet red lungs on post
what is seen with onchocerca cervicalis in horses?
patchy alopecia and scaling around the face and neck +/- ventral midline dermatitis
what forelimb injury is commonly seen in cats with high-rise syndrome, and what is the treatment?
carpal hyperextension; carpal arthrodesis
what does choline deficiency cause in turkeys (ad sometimes chicks)?
growth stunting, poor feathering, short/thick bowed legs, chondrodysplasia
how often do neonatal rabbits need to nurse?
1-2 times per day!!
what disease should be suspected in a dog with progressive tetraparesis and a thymoma?
myasthenia gravis
what is the musculature of the dog, cow, cat, and horse esophagus?
dog, cow - 100% striated
cat, horse - cranial 2/3 is striated, caudal 1/3 is smooth
what # arch is implicated in PRAA in dogs?
the 4th
what signs are seen with RMSF?
vasculitis –> edema, hyperemia, petechiation, and ecchymoses
list the species of salmonella within each serotype (B, C1, C2, D)
B - typhiurium
C1 - cholerasuis
C2 - newport
D - dublin, enteritidis
what is the prognosis for EPM?
most horses (70%) improve with treatment but relatively few (25%) recover fully, and a small subset (10%) improve with treatment but relapse without it
what topical treatment options can be used to treat ringworm?
lime sulfur dip or miconazole shampoo
what is the ear mite of horses?
psoroptes
what are the signs of hog cholera = classical swine fever?
immunosuppression, reproductive failure, GI signs, paresis/paralysis, conjunctivitis, oral ulcers, petechiation. NOT coughing/sneezing
what is the classic situation for a fish with ammonia toxicity?
new tank; fish is showing neurological behaviors like swimming in circles
what is the treatment for a cow with a retained placenta who is systemically doing well?
leave her be, in a clean area, and monitor her closely
what are the signs of “upward patellar fixation” in horses?
pelvic limb locks in rigid extension, and a delay in flexion of the stifle causes dragging of the toe
tell me about coccidia
= isospora infection
very environmentally resistant and difficult to disinfect BUT species-specific
what are the signs of tetanus in a horse?
bilaterally prolapsed 3rd eyelids, sawhorse stance, stiff gait, stiff tail, sensitivity to stimuli
what vitamin deficiency causes night blindness?
vitamin A
what are the signs of bordetella avium in turkeys?
nasal discharge, “snick” cough, swollen eyelids, “raccoon eye”, exudate, collapsed trachea on necropsy
what type of valvular regurgitation do elderly horses get?
aortic regurg
what can amprolium, bracken fern, and excess grain all cause in ruminants?
thiamine deficiency / polioencephalomalacia
what zoonotic fungus grows in pigeon feces?
cryptococcus
what vein(s) normally enter the vena cava between the renal and hepatic veins?
the phrenicoabdominal veins
why is a positive windsucker test bad for the mare?
it heavily predisposes to vaginitis and endometritis
what type of pathogen should be suspected when mastitis includes a serum-like secretion with clots and systemic illness of the cow?
coliform
what genetic condition causes colic in newborn white foals bred from Overo parents?
Ileocolonic agangliosis
what anesthetic drug is contraindicated in epileptic dogs?
ketamine
what is the method of choice for diagnosing rabies?
direct fluorescent antibody test
what is strep equi ssp equi?
the agent of strangles in horses
what is strep equi ssp zooepidemicus?
a normal inhabitant of the equine upper respiratory tract that can cause opportunistic infections in horses and in other species
what drug combo can be used in a surgery that requires periods of complete stillness of the animal, including respiratory?
a neuromuscular blocking agent (succinylcholine) and an anesthetic (inhalant isoflurane for example)
what is the biggest predisposing factor of metritis in cows?
dystocia
what is the management for an actinobacillus pleuorpneumoniae (APP) outbreak in pigs?
immediately treat ALL pigs with an injectable antibiotic (ie. enrofloxacin) bc the toxins produced by APP can cause death within hours
what is the treatment for “choke” in horses?
sedate the horse and gently pass an NG tube
OR
restrict the horse to an empty stall and monitor until resolution (12-24 hours)
what is the treatment for EPM?
ponazuril
match the plant with its toxic effects (horses):
Fescue -
St john’s wort -
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids -
Red maple -
Cantharidin -
Fescue - repro failure
St john’s wort - primary photosensitization
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids - secondary photosensitization
Red maple - heinz body anemia
Cantharidin - colic
what happens with GGT in cats with cholangiohepatitis vs hepatic lipidosis?
cholangiohepatitis - markedly elevated
hepatic lipidosis - usually normal
