more power and borders Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
defien state
A
state is a defined territory with a sovereign government that exercises authority over its population.
2
Q
define soveign
A
a power with no higher authority
3
Q
defien territorial integraty
A
the idea that teh borders of a state should be respected and upheld by other states
4
Q
what are normes
A
widely accepted standards of behavior
5
Q
whats is the westphalian model
A
a serrise of agreement that first layed out the principals of state sovereignty and territorial intergraty that emerged in 1648 after the 30 years war in europe.
6
Q
what is intervention
A
interference of external bodies, such as states or international organizations, in the affairs of another country or region to protect rigths. this may undermine teh durastiction of the government and tehrefore the soverignty of teh state.
7
Q
what is geo politics
A
Geopolitics is the study of how physical geography, along with political, economic, and social factors, influences international relations
8
Q
what are the 4 factors that challenge soverignty and territorial integraty ? (list)
A
- current political boundaries
- TNC’s
- poltical dominace of ethnic groups
- supernational insitutions
9
Q
explain how current politicla boundaries can erode soverignty and territorial integraty
A
Point- disputed territory
example- in 2014 both Russia and Ukrain thought they had the rights to the Crimean Peninsula. The Russian government claims that the annexation was based on a referendum held in Crimea, in which the majority of voters supported joining Russia, this may have been teh case as the 2001 unkrainian sensus data suggests 58% of the population considered themself ethnically russian. They also wanted a year round port in sevastopol. this resulted in the annexation later that year by “little green men” ( disguised russian soldjers) who predominatly peacefully inundated teh country.
** Expain** this was an issue to both soverignty and teritorial integraty as russia challened the internationally recognised borders and sovergin contrile of the ukrainian government in the region, as first established in the westphlian model.
10
Q
why sdid russia claim they annex crimea
A
- an internal referendum
11
Q
what % of crimeans considered themself ethnically russian according to 2001 unkrain census data
A
58%
12
Q
explain how current TNC can erode soverignty and territorial integraty
A
territorial integraty and soverignty
* point - TNC’s arguably often carry out land appropriation.
* evidence
* For exampel United Fruit Company took land in Guatemala in the 50s without governemnt autharisation. When governemnt pushed back wanting expropriation of land for its people to farm. The company exersted significant economic and political influence to pressure the U.S. government in the campaign to overthrow the democrtically elected leader Árbenz, which eventually succeeded in 1954.
* expalian - this shows how TNC’s are significnat players on the world stage undermining the teritorial integraty of a state by takeing land and then even helping in overthrowing governemnts, dirrectly overthrowing not evn eroding soverignty.
13
Q
whats it called when a politic;aly body or organisation takes land of a state in a backhanded way
A
land appropriation
14
Q
how can supernational insitutions undermine soverignty and territorial integratry in terms of teh EU
A
- point - pooling soverignty into supernational insitutions.
- explain - when a country joins a supernational insitution its surrenderes some of its powers to the jurastiction of said body as it will have its own set of laws and norms teh state will then have to abode by. this can also expand to undermine the countries territorial integraty as they may lose certain legislagtive powers over areas.
- evidence a exaple where this rings particularly true is teh Factortame case 1989 which was court case taken to the house of lods involving spanish fishermen fishing in Uk waters and the uk governemnt who aposed them as they claimed they had durastiction over the english channel. However, the lords claimed that EU regulation reigned superior and therfore ther fisheren were in their rigths. This demostrates how joining supernational insitution can undermine the legislagtive power of governemnt and their controle over maritine borders.
15
Q
what country did United fruit company take land from in teh early 50s and who was the president they funded teh US canpeign to undermine when he tried to push to get land back
A
- Guatemala
- Jacabo Árbenz
16
Q
how can supernational insitutions undermine soverignty interm of intervention for human rigth purposes
A
- Point This can involve actions such as peacekeeping operations, sanctions, or economic pressure to compel a state to improve its human rights record.
- explaindirect intervention is an issue as it arguably undermines th durastiction of of governemnt in certain areas if the UN for exaple did not have permission to come in. However, these are usually quite politiclaly unstabel countries like war zones so it unclear who the soverign authoraties are.
- example an exaple of this occuring in economic policy is During the era of apartheid in South Africa, which was characterized by systematic racial segregation and discrimination, the UN Security Council passed resolutions imposing economic sanctions on the country. These sanctions aimed to isolate the South African government and pressure it to end its discriminatory policies and human rights abuses.
- explain this is a challenege to soverignty as it is esentually coptation of governemtn.
17
Q
how to pell apartheid
A
apartheid
18
Q
whats one last way that supernational insitutions can undermien soverignty
A
- point veto
- explain - UN security counsil involving 5 permeinat member states who can veto legislation
- evidence - In December 2017, the UNSC0 considered a draft resolution that aimed to impose an arms embargo on South Sudan. however Russia and china vetoed this
- exaplin this undemined the soverignty of natons that arent apart of the security counsil as tehy do not have the same powers, therefore it can be argued these individual countrieds can undermine the sovernpower of the others to a greater degree. under westphalian model soveign staes are equal
19
Q
whats an arms embargo
A
An arms embargo is a form of international trade restriction that prohibits the sale, transfer, or provision of weapons and military equipment to a specific country or conflict zone.
20
Q
explain how teh political domination of ethnic groups can erode soverignty and territorial integratry
A
- point undermines the sov of gov though conflic and politicla instabillity or even coups
- evidece - Dinka and Nuer and poitical instabillity and warfair for peopel
- evidence - Tuareg launching an armed rebellion and gaining semi controle over northern mali in 2012 as a atateless nation. There was also involvemnt of Al-Qaeda.
- expain conflic and unrest undrmined the governemts territorial integraty in the area and thir soverign controel.
21
Q
why was the tuareg rebellion in 2012 and how did it play out coinsing ith the state
A
- the millitary coup resulted in a power vacume allowing them to exploit the instabillity. The coup resulted in a transitional governemtn taking controle before deocratic election could be restored. the trnaitional governemnt ( with help from the french), lead the millatry operation in the north).
22
Q
whats your case study for one country where soverignty has been challenged ?
A
Ukraine (pre 2022)
23
Q
how to spell ukraine
A
Ukraine
24
Q
what are teh key causes in the caused and challenegd to ukrainian soverignty form russia
A
- geogrphical position between russsia and the EU/nato
- Ethnic disparities: ethniclly russian populations ( beuse of the soviet union alot of people idetify as ethiniclly russian)
1. ( over 58% of crimeans ideftify as ethically russian 2001 and over 37% of people in the domas region) - internal poliical devsion
1. most of dombas and almost all of crime voted for the pro russian candiate victor yankovitch in the 2010 and are pro russia vs pro EU/nato vs the opersite in the west. the east also have a lot of regions where russian is peoples first language vs ukrainian in the west
2. e.g 75% of the population of donesk said russian was their first languge accorfing to 2001 sensus data - these are consequenses of the inabillity to create a nation state/ common national idenity after the fall of the soviet union.
25
what % of peopel in thge dombas region identify as ethnically russian ?
37%
26
what % of donesk said russian was their first language in 2001
75%
27
k
h
28
what has een th eimpact to peopel and placec in a country where soveignty has been challeneged
**people**
* 1.47/5.2 million are IDP's from Donesk and Lungansk
* further 600,000 refugees mostly to russia
* 7000 deaths 13,900 injured and 293 shot down in a civilian air craft
* debaltseve bommed resulting in refugees as peopel are made homless and deatsh
* evacuees moved to abandined summer caps where poor insulation and close living conditions have lead to poor health
**place**
* The anexation of Crimea in 2014 with "little green men"
1. now mean the area is under new legislgtive durastiction ( that of russia)
* Donesk air port has ssen heavy fighting
1. this also cuts it off from the rest of the world
* industrial plans damaged
1. such as Zasyadko mines
2. this limiits resources to the country
* Debaltseve boming
* effects on russia / other countries include
1. sanctiosn on riussia tahthave decresed teh value of the rubel
2. NATO incresifn its strnth in neighbouring baltic countries
29
what are teh challenges to the causes and challeneges to soverignty and unkrain
* civil unrest
1. 2013 and 2004 after russia was thought to undermine election results to secure their pro russia candidate
3. the 2013 one fllowedthe 2012 election, protests were known as the Euromaidan movement - triggered by triggered by the Ukrainian government's decision to suspend the signing of an association agreement with the European Union that it was planning to sign before victor yankovithc took controle
4. it succesfully removed yankovitvh from office in 2014 therefor eunderminign the governemnts sovignty, although its debatable if they had a legitimate mandate to goven in the first place as they election were likly tampled with
* annexation of crimea
* milliatry conflict in the dombas region ( suppoorted by russia
1. particullarly russian funded sepertist ighters in donesk and Lugansk
2. undermines gov abillity to controle of area and protect its citizens as well as territotial integraty
1. undermines ukrains
* corruption of election
1. 2004 and 2012 there have been reports of russian interfearnace in elctions. this undermined the soverignty of a country by challeneging the legitamacy and mandate of government - 2004 this sparked the orange revolution and the call for a runoff
* dependency for ennery
1. most of unkrains energy comes from russia ( 30%)
2. this forces them to maintin close ties with russia when politiclly they would generally prefure having closer ties with europe
* undermining political controle though propeganda
1. russia has sent over 15 billion in Ukrain in terms of propegada, this includes gaining controle over media channels and having schools implemt russian speaking lessons etc.
30
what movemnt ousted president victor yankovitch from office ?
the euromaiden movemnt
31
whats teh other eastern twon in the dombass region not donesk
lugansk
32
how many ukrainian IDP's from lungansk and donesk ?
1.47 million/ 5.2 million - scale
33
give infomation about deaths in the dombas
* 7000 deaths 13,900 injured and 293 shot down in a civilian air craft
34
name a ukrainian town thats been heavilly bommed
Debaltseve
35
whats was teh main force behind millitary action in ukrain before 2022
* speratist fighters in towns like Donesk and lungansk funded with men wepens and funds by russia.
36
case study for how challenege to terriotiorial integraty can cause conflict ?
should be india pakisatn but your better of using ukrain
37
if it talking challenges to soverignty that case conflict in terms of natural resurces where r u talking ?
india pakistan over the indus river spevifically the source in kashmire
38
how has conflic over natural resourses caused challenges to soverignty and conflict in a specific area
* india dams and uses teh water at tehre sauce is kashmire ( desputed territory, wants sepratsim put is tecnically a part of india). e.g. the The Tarbela Dam
* most 38% of pakistans work force in 2021 is employed in agricuture that relies on the river so its vital that there is enough dischage
* there was the indus water treatie of 1960 witch devided up water
* howevr the river has runlower in recent years due to india taking advatage of the hydroelectrics there and beuse of climate chnage
* this resulted in attacks from both sides in 2016 and 2019 including a 2019 milliatry stand off
* however the most significant conflict was 1948-1960 teh so called "water wars"
* this was at teh end of collonial india when it got seperated into india and pakistan
* 200,000 to 2million died but this was more due to the displacemet and sepertion / religious conflict of hindus and muslums. - legacy of colinialism
* led to the signing of the Indus Water Treaty in 1960
* this gave 3 of 6 tributaries to each country
* the world bank was instramnetal in negotiating between the 2 countries
* potencial to be exadurated with climate change - link
39
name an indian dam on a source river to teh indus
Bhakra Dam
40
explain the role of international insitutions in conflict (india pakistan exaple)
* the world bank acted as a third party mediator between india and pakistan to help divide up the indus river fairly to end the so called water wars betwee the two countries
* this involved designating 3 tributaries to each country
41
what are your three points for the role of international insitutions in regulating conflict
* UN
1. ( aid and mediation)
* EU
2. ( sanctions)
* NATO
1. ( millitary intervention)
42
expalin the role of insitutions in **regulating** conflict ( non case study specific) + give 3 AO2 comments on their effectiveness
**The UN**
* mediation of negotiations
2. helped the 2015 peace deal between mali governemt and the Tuareg - ( conflict still not fully over) in the malian cival war
* aid
1. MINUSMA ( mali peace mission 9000 millitary 1000 police and 1300 other, helped support democrtic elction take place in 2015
2. south sudanese cival war- UNMISS 12,500 millitary troops, 1000 police 2500 other -new mandate in 2014
2. south sudanese cival war- WHO chorella vaxinations - only to some safe areas (inequallity)
3. south sudanese cival war- refugree camps including largets housing 250,000 people - issue of squatters takign homes after
* **AO2**
1. limited in its effectiveness as The principle of state sovereignty is enshrined in the UN Charter. therfore tehy have to respect teh soverignty of governemnt territorial integrty and teh rights of civilians above all else. This means millitary action by peace keepers can only be invoked if they are shot upon.
2. they are a supernational insitution with over 193 member states and and 15 specialised agencies headed and rand by global profesionals, menaifn they have the conections and resources to function effectivly on a glabl scale
3. they are limmited by the security counsil. may times The UN at large may have wnated to intevine in conflict but this has been stoped by a veto of one of the 5 meboers of teh security counsil. ( usually russia or china). For exampel, In December 2017, they considered imposing an arms embargo on South Sudan to help subside the cival war. however Russia and china vetoed this
**NATO** ( and french gov)
* millitary power to help protect soveignty and prevent attacks though intimidation
1. The combined military capabilities of NATO member states make it one of the most powerful military alliances in the world. There are 30 contributing meber states.
2. Their power may have been significant recently in the Baltic States: NATO has increased its presence and conducted various military exercises in the Baltic region as tehre is an incresing thrett from russia.
* **AO2**
1. huge scale millitary power and teh willingness to act
2. their eefectiveness is limmited as tehy ahve potential to esculate conflics. This is why nato refuse to intervine in the Ukrainian conflict as it could esulate to a full sacle WW3.
3. limmited by the dession making process. NATO operates on a consensus-based decision-making process. While this ensures the inclusion of all member states, it can slow down decision-making and hinder swift responses in crisis situations
**The EU**
* scantion
1. masivly on russia since they have invaide Ukrain. these include visa and economic/ trade scantions.
* political unity
1. the creation of the EU has forced coutries to become interdepended and thus prenvented conflics emerging within europe.
**AO2**
* limmites as has absolutly no millitary power
* only has power in euope not a glabl sacle
* its been very effective in preventing conflict sbetween mebour state when in the early 19th centuary political tenions were evry high
43
is the world bank a part of the UN
no just a close ally
44
explain how flows in geo political intervention ( in mittigating conflict)
**people**
1. south sudanese cival war- UNMISS 12,500 millitary troops, 1000 police 2500 other -new mandate in 2014
* help protect civials, montor human rights, give humniterian aid and stop conflict/ hostillties.
**money**
* NGO's
1. there are over 300 internationally funded NGO's supporting aid inveors in south sudan, ( some grass roots). For exampel, save the children, oxfam and Care South sudan
* $10 bill from super and international bodies
**ideas**
* treatie protection
1. IGAD took greter interest in souuth sudan and helped bring abou treaties protecting civilians from conflic and general human right violations under the law. e.g the convention aginst tourture, the convention on elimation of all forms of discrimination against women and the convetion of the rights of the child
* aid
1. aid agencies have gone out and tecah the people about mainting live stock and using fishing equitment.
* this helps crete social stabillity that reduces conflict in the long term
**tecnology**
* medicines though incresed aid support
1. who chlorella treatment centres = hygein equitment and village taps providing acess to clean water.
2. providing improved farming and fishing equitment ( such as nets to start fish farming)
* this helps create social stabillity that reduces conflict in the long term
45
whats like the african EU
IGAD
46
list three south sudanies treaties signed by the governemnt
* convention aginst tourture
* the convention on elimation of all forms of discrimination against women
* the convetion of the rights of the child
47
list 4 charaties workign in south sudan
* save the children
* oxfam
* Care South sudan
* MSF on accute malnutrition for children
48
whats teh main way conflict can be reduced though general aid prodjects
* invokes social stabillity in a society and reduces teh likly hood conflict will grow/ remerge in the long term as people become more civalised and have more to lose from engaing in hostile / anti social behaviours towrds other ethnic groups
49
in a question on the roles of differnt flows in intervetion ( in clonflict), what should you pare
* Flows of ideas and tec
* flows of peopel and money
50
points for role/ effectivess of orgnisation in an area of conflict on a small and lareg scale.
**SOUTH SUDAN**
**the UN**
1. UNMISS: 12,500 millatry personal 1000 police and 2500 other contributers such as aid workers
* help protect civials, montor human rights, give humniterian aid and stop conflict/ hostillties.
1. WHO cherella treatment centres and vacination centers. And OCHA provided clean water and hygein facilities
* helped local comunities stop the spred but was effective on a near nation wide scale as UN had man power and provions to operate ( not all as neeeded security for aid workers)
* was a third party mediating force between the dinka and neua in the 2015 and 2018 peace agreements
* **AO2**
* acted on a large scale as tehy had the resources to do so being a supernational instution. (193 countries)
* inequllity with where aid could operate
1. so for example chorella vacinations and treatmemts centres could only exist in secure areas
* limited in its effectiveness as The principle of state sovereignty is enshrined in the UN Charter. therfore tehy have to respect teh soverignty of governemnt territorial integrty and teh rights of civilians above all else. This means millitary action by peace keepers can only be invoked if they are shot upon.
**the south sudanese governemtn**
1. there was an attemp at a mixed Dinka Nuer tribe police force to help mange the conflict and bring unity. The succes of this was limmiteed but it may have wider implications for buiding long term stbsillity,
1. 2015 peace agrement (didnt really work) and the divided governement caused teh conflict in the fisrt place (igad and UN massive help)
2. 2018 peace agreement that ended the war
* mittigating the effects of the conflict and implemnted future provisons for social stabillity by treateies and convention.
3. This included th convention on the elimination of all discrimination against women
4. the convention on the right of the child
5. the convention against tourture
* **AO2**
* lareg scale imact as it is top down
* Significance of their effect was extreemly limited as the diviosn of Governemtn was responcable for the conflict in the first place.
* the argument that the governemtn should get credit for the peace agrement is also limmited in that interntaional orgnisation including the UN, IGAD and The AFrican union played key roles as a third party mittigtor.
* the initual lack of governmen tcopertaion leave serious challenges that remain in the conflict area. These include
1. trafficking of women and childen
2. negtating water and grazing rights
3. dealing with homlessness and there being more conflic and squatters have taken homes from peopel who were relocate dto refugee camps - significnat as there were around 1.5 million IDP and 730,000 refugrees. One UN refugee cap alone held over 210,000 peopel - lnks to disease
4. move people have also fallen into poverty, now 8 million are at risk of food insecurity
**NGO's**
* provide aid stoppin food insecurity, and adressing humaniterian needs such as the incresed spred of infectious diseases and injuraies.
1. exampel include save teh childen oxfam and care south sudan andMSF on accute malnutrition for children
* **AO2**
* limmited as there is harrasmentand violence aginst workers
1. this lead to the forced evacuation of teh upper nile state which then left populations vunrable to food insecurity. it became significnat on a wider scale too as there was blockage of teh nile for food delivery use to other areas.
* this also mean there is inequallity as operations can only function on a small sacle sometimes when there are alsot of insecure areas.
51
how many IDP and refugrees where there in sudan
* IDP - 1.5 million/ 12 million- huge scale
* refugee - 730,000/12million
52
how many people are at risk of food insecurity in south sudan ?
8 million
53
how many people are at risk of food insecurity in south sudan ?
8 million
54
what was the UN peace keeping mission in south sudan called
UNMISS ( abreviation)
55
if you get a question of the role of organisation in a conflic list / pare your paragrpah point s
**UN and NGO's**
**The south sudanese goverment**
56
can NGO's be classifie as supernational insitutions
NO unless its talking global governece on local comunities
57
evaluate the consequenses of global governence of conflcit on **local communities** ( essay plan)
**SOUTH SUDAN**
* **NGO's**
* vunrable children have resived treatment in a numbre of local comunities for accute malnutrition by the NGO MSF in particular
1. once again this type of aid involves alot of inequllity bewteen places as adid can only be goven to secure areas
2. a particular exaple of when this was isgnificnat was when conflic esculated in the upper nile and aid workers had to be evacuated. ( this also shows how aid workers can be put at risk). However after this the transport rout via the river was blocked and aid oranisation that depended on it to supply medcin and food could no longer do so. Howver this was somewhat only a short term issue as by 2015 they had acces to the nile agin.
* villagers have resived trainign on mainting live stcok and using fishing equiptment
1. this is significant as it improves food security inthe long term as well as therefore productiverty and social security, making conflict less lilly as it can trigger a possitve feedback loop of growth. Then once people have a more stable stake in scoety they are less lily to contribute to tribal conflics and antisocial behaviours and gang mebership.
* aid agencies position esentuals during the dry season so they can be acceses by comunities in the wet season when roads are more tricky.
1. this is significant as it means that aid is consistent
* **AO2**
* Lack the mandate to take millitary action
* large scale and top down - abillity to take a broad overview of the conflic and areas in need of help which 300 seperate NGOs for example would struggle to do
* **International/superantional organistaion**
* co-ordenated effeorts have secured funds for local comunities from various international governemtns og the EU
* WHO and OCHA has set up various chorella treatment palnts in local comunities. they have provided vaccines, hygeine equiptment and fresh water taps.
1. this is significnat as it is a long term solution as taps will remain once they leave and herd amunity can be achive quite esilly in small rural comunities where not many peopel travel between.
2. this may reduce future confilict as good health premote productiverty economic growth social stabillity which decreses conflic as people are less enclined to partake in antisocial behaviour when they have a larger and more stable stake in scoiety.
* civillian protection caps have been expanded providing shelter and food for IDP's especially during the rainy season. this also protect people who may have been exposed to violence and fighting in their local comunity. the UN had a camp with over 270,000 in 2014. - this provided huge scale prtection for a numbre of comunities across the nation
1. however, this also was a limmited way of providing aid as it envolved seperating up close nit local communities
2. it also left peopels homes open to squatters so there was more conflict when returing refugrees came back.
* **AO2** - general
* inequallity - some areas get aid and unstable ones dont. this can also be beause of destroyed/reaquired infastucture and distributing routs. E.g the upper nile being taken roads bring destroyed - still bettwer than non
* dependency- Comunities may become dependent on food aid sources or medical aid. this means if aid leaves after or retreats they may be more vunrable to fanmine etc - short term aid - long term problem
* there can be seasonal variation with thier abillityt to supply aid. e.g. roads may be inaccesbel dut=ring the wet season, ( however they often position supplies to help countre this)
* NGO's have to operate on a grass routs scale and relly on public fundign. ( this may dwindle as the conflict goes on)
* hostillity towards aid workers
* any aid provided is significant as it is an LIDC whith emsense political instabillity therefore peopel are mostly subsitance farmers and they arnt resiving any help from government
58
when was the south sudanse cival war
2013-2018
59
what does MFS stand for
"Doctors Without Borders
60
whast an example of how global governamce have helped in a specific local comunitie
* **Pibor** in eastern south sudan.
1. NGO's and teh UN have helped in rebuilding infastructure and mittiagting disagreement between tribes.
2. they have helped established comunity lead prodjects that are self sufficent and manged by community leaders. these are aimed to restart processes like agraculture, live stock rearing and small bussineses. This is significant as they will contunue in the long term as aid workers have redistibuted responcabillity. They are also better suited to the comunity's needs as a frame work is not being emposed but rather build and developed from the groud up ( grass roots )
61
who were the two political leaders who caused the south sudanese cival war
* Dinka - President kiir
* Nuer - Vise President Machar
* ( failed at power sharing
62
how old is south sudan
World newest state ( 2011)
63
when did maili become a state and from who
in 1960 it got inderpendence from france
64
what is the arab spring
The Arab Spring refers to a series of pro-democracy uprisings and protests that took place across several countries in the Arab world, beginning in late 2010
65
if youre asked about How the **global governance** of sovereignty or territorial integraty issues has consequences for
**citizens and places / people and place** whats your case study ? or **opertunities and challenges** or **inequllitys and injustices**
Mali
66
who are the **global governence players** who effect **citizens and places / people and place** + stratergies tehy used to help mittigated issues to soverignty and territorail integraty.......... ( if rigth strats)
**national gov**
* mailian
* French
1. over 5,000 french troups were infeninetly deployed in mali
**supernationl**
* UN
1. humanitarian and millitary aid: MINUSMA 9000 millitary 1000 police and 1300 other
2. policiacl third party medictaion: helped the 2015 peace deal between mali governemt and the Tuareg ( although unsucesful
2. helped democratic elections takeplace in 2015
* NGO's
1. humanitarian aid
* african bodies such as IGAD and African union
1. policiacl third party medictaion
2. fostering trade relationships
67
if youre asked about How the **global governance** of **territorilal integraty** issues has consequences for
**citizens and places / people and place** ( possitive)
**Possitive (intended effects)**
* **Short term**
* security and protection of the civillian population in the conflict zone
1. 1000 police in mali
* negotite periods of case fire
1. 2015 peace deal that inevitably failed byt achived this for a short whiel
* border controle to facillitate movemnt of peopel and goods
1. Mbera Camp in Mauritania , 160,00 malian refugees held ther - UN
* reduce forced conscription of child soldjers
* strengthen rule of law
1. 1000 police
* assist returning ISD's and refugees
2. prvent trafficing
* early warning of new potential conflict
* **long term**
* mediation and foster co-operation
1. 2015 peace deal failed
* developemt of sustainable food and water supplies in areas
* improving trade retionships to reduce economic shock and drip
1. the world bank supports small holders by exachanging supply chains
* improving bussiness enviroment by countre corruption
* cyber defense
* restore territory acording to international law
* support transition to fai rdemocrcy
1. 2015 peaceful democrtic elction
* re establish state authority and apperatus
68
if youre asked about How the **global governance** of sovereignty and/or territorial integraty issues has consequences for
**citizens and places / people and place** ( negative)
**negative (uintedned effects)**
: National gov: french and mailian gov as milliatry intervention: (also to a degree the UN millitary personal but they canot shoot without being shot appon so consequences)
1. UN 9000 millitary perosnel
2. french 5000 + air foece
3. 1,4000 troops from african union meber states.
* increse civilian deaths
1. The United Nations estimates that at least 122 civilians have been killed by peacekeepers in Mali since 2013
* displace populations
1. mbera 160,000 refugees
* damge housing and infastuture
* food insecurity
1. 18 % of pop ( farmers diplced)
* disrupt education
69
if youre asked about How the **global governance** of **soverignty** issues has consequences for
**citizens and places / people and place** (possitve)
**Possitive (intended effects)**
* **Short term**
* humaniterian aid
* supply food to prevent food insecurity
1. CARE international
* clean drinking water ( limit dehydration and disease spred)
1. solidarities interantional water hygein stateions
2. water aid working on long term soclutons liek tamps and wells.
* supply mecines and medicla treatment
1. population servises international
* provision of safe havens and shelter for iDP's
1. UN PoC camps such as Mbera 40k south of mali that houses 85,000 refugees and asyslem seekers
* assits vunrable refugees and returenees
* maintain peace and strengthen the rule of law
1. Un has 1000 police deployed in mali
* **long term**
* agricultural trianign to improve food insecurity
* eduction programs aiming to promote stabillity and reduce future conflict
1. NGO's: world eduction Mali helping increase literacy rates
* building democrctic insitutions and support fiar electiosn
1. MINUSIMA helped support fair democratic elections in 2015 and 2020
2. ECOWAS, the african union and UN have been powerful mediating forces taht resulted in a 2015 peace agreement with the tuareg giving some degree of democratic automony to the north. Howver, the conflict proceeds.
70
why is mali particularly poor
* north is all desert
* legacy of colonialism
* land locked
* legacy of geniside and warhfair
71
what are the rebell ethic groups in mali
* The Tuareg
* al-qaeda ( less isgnificnat)
72
what is the north of maili known as
Asawad
73
list all teh ways teh UN have intervined in mali
1. MINUSMA 9000 millitary 1000 police and 1300 other
2. helped democratic elections takeplace in 2015
3. helped the 2015 peace deal between mali governemt and the Tuareg
74
how may french troups were deployed in mali
5,000, 1,000 indefinetly and the air force
75
has teh malian cival war ended ?
No
76
how can challenges to soverignty and terriorial intwgraty be explaine din maili
* legacy of colonialism
1. colonial europe poorly divided africa both during and after their rule. this ignored disparies of enthic groups, divided them and spit natural resurces too.
* speratist ethnic groups
1. tuareg declairing aswad inderpendent
* neglection of the north
* lots of noadic ethnic groups who want power and inderpendece and ignore state broders. ( global gov treat as one issue)
77
what are the two supernational afican bodies that have been instramnetla in the mali conflict
ECOWAS and the african union
78
k
m
79
whats teh laregst PoC camp in sudan and how many peopel does it house
Bidibidi 270,000 peopel
80
how much has the uk gov donate dto south sudan ?
100 million via UK aid
81
give a long term exaple of UK funds to south suan
work with girls eduction sudan helping support 4,000 schools, enablign 1/2 million to go to school and giving girls greater equallity of opertunity in teh work force in th elong term
82
was mali a member of the aficna union
* yes when the conflict was enitualy cocurinng but not since a millitary coup in 2021
83
other than the french governemnt who supplied mali with troops + how many troops where sent
* nation that were members of the african union
* at peak 1,400 troops operating in mali
84
when did teh malian civa war start
2012
85
whats the larget refugee cap that houses malian refugees and where is it and who runs it
* Mbera
* 85,000 refugees and asylrm seakers
* 40k south of mali
* the UN
86
opertunites created by global governace in Mali
**political stabllity**
* 2015 democrtic elction
* 1000 police and millitary personal to support rule of law and minimise terrorism
* reenforce human rigtsh
* they also aim to resblish gov sov and terriortorial integraty in aswad but have failed thus far
**economic growth**
* in the two years folloing the coup GDP is begining to recover ( $753 in 2012 - $874 in 2021)
* the world bank supports small holds by exchanging supply chains
* mali has seen a decrese in import dependency and improved its trade reltionships ( especilly via being a part of the african union) 72% of its exports are gold and 10% cotton
**social deveoplmet**
* HDI has gone up slightly from 0.435 in 2012 to 0.456 in 2020. as the conflicn countinues it sensable to suggest taht this is thanks to gobal governace schemes providing aid and improving quallity of life.
* in 2012 mean years of schooling was 1.5 years vs 2018 when it was 2.3 - ( world eduction mali )
* since 2013 life expectany has gone up from 57 years to 61 in 2020 ( still very low but suggest health care initutives have been succesful + reducing food insecurity and clean water inituatives)
87
challenges created by global governace in Mali
**in equallity**
* NS divide still remains perpetuted as had to get aid to the north
* manyareas in the north epecially may not resiev aid due to inaccesible roots e.g whent the upper nile got occupied cutting off spply roots down stream
* rural urban inequllity thats been largly unadessed by global governace. especially as aid is priortised in more heality popukated areas , many villages are left desroyed and looking abandoned ( aid targetsd where ther are more people)
1. 86% of urban have electrisity vs 8% of rural, sewage is 43 % vs 3 %
**injustice**
* the interntaional comunity tried to deal with the north as one area rather than looking at the differnt ethnic groups within. this limiited the inteventions effectivenes
* south sudanses gov insligthing the war and inabillity to protect its peopel has lead to a range of secindry human rights violations such as human traffickign and drugsmuggling as the rule of law id not bbeing uphead with any type of significant force. Traditions such as child marrage and female genital mutilation also continue unchecked - child marrage is illegal yet 16% are child marrages but rule of law is failed to be upheld by gov and intervention
* destruture of infastruture like hospitals has head to higher child mortallity and spred of disease
1. 10.4% of children dont serpass the age of 5 in mali in 2012
88
whats mali's GDP now vs 2012
$753 in 2012 - $874 in 2021
89
how has HDI changed in mali 2012-2020
0.435 in 2012 to 0.456 in 2020
90
how much have mean years of scjooling gone up in mali ?
* 2012 = 1.5 years
* 2018 = 2.3 years
* ( world eduction mali )
91
how much has life expectancy gone up in mali
2013 = 57 years
2020 = 61 years
92
whats teh capital of mali
Bamako
93
what % of rural vs urban population have sewage in mali
* 1% vs 43%
94
what % of urban vs rualpopulations have electrisity in mali
86% vs 8%
95
in mali in 2012 what % of children didnt surpass the age of 5 ?
10.4%
96
how to spell Kashmir
Kashmir
97
when was th eindus river treaty signed
1960
98
what % of the dombas are ethniclaly russian in 2001 census
37 %
99
where was there dombing in the dombas reion
debaltseve
100
what % of pakistan work in agriculture ?
35- 38%
101
how big were the riots after catelans inderpendce ref and when was this
* over 300,000 people
* 2017
102
name a destroyed mine in Ukrain
zasyodko mine
103
give an exaple of conflict in ukrian in ration the disease
* IDP moved to summer caps and old sanatorium in the north - poor insulation, damp and lack off access to health case and sevises mean people get ill.
104
what is it called when there is a banning of wepons being sold to a region or cofict zone
arms embargo
105
when and by who was there an attempted arms embargo on suthsudan
* UN ( unesco)
* 2017
106
expalin teh orange revolution + what is tehis an exapel of
* soverignty being undermined by protetors and interfearanc ein elctions
* 2004 presidencial elctions between victor Yanukovych and victor Yushchenko
* elction fraud put yankovych in office
* there were mass riost known as the orange revolution
* Supream court over ruled the elction
* lead to a run off where 53% voted for Yushchenko
107
victor Yanukovych spelling
victor Yanukovych
108
victor Yushchenko spelling
victor Yushchenko
109
what are the two towns in the dombas region
donesk / Lungansk
110
how to spell baltic
baltic
111
whats a park of the sillubus realting to challenges to soveignty and climate change
* indus river drying up cauing more conflict / "water wars" between india and pakistan
112
what % of pakistans work force are in agriculture
38%
113
what was the exect name of teh treaty between india and pakisatn
teh indus water treaty
114
other than summer camps where did IDP's in ukrain go
* an old sanatorium
115
whats it called when a third party helps negtiate to end a conflict
mediating
116
how was vitor yankovitch ousted from office in 2014
impeachemnt ( teniclly challenge to sov as he hadn't done anything un democrtic as hadnt sihned any deal with russia at that point )
117
what was teh 2013 EU ukrain deal
2013 Ukraine-European Union (EU) friendship agreement
118
when wa Factor tame
1989
119
how much of ukrains energy comes from russia
30%
120
as an economic power how significnat is teh EU ?
largest singfle market on teh globe
121
whats teh largest south sudanees reugee camp and how many peopel did it hpouse at its peak
* Bidi Bidi Refugee Settlement
* 270,000
* ( un run )
122
how big in scale is the UN
* 193 countries
* 15 specialist orgnaisations
123
the treaties that suth sudan signed, whos treaties where they ?
the UN's
124
how much finalial aid has south sudan resived since 2012
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), South Sudan has received over **$10 billion** in humanitarian aid since 2012. The majority of this aid has been provided by the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union - huge scale
125
give an exaple of an NGO providing medical assistance in area where soveignty is eing challenged + what this links t as well
* MSF ( dctors without borders) providing treatment for children with acvute child malnutrition - south sudan
* links to disease as inproved developmet and health outcoem for the rest of their future.
126
name a locla comunity in south sudan ?
pidor
127
list the two impacts of the south sudanse gov on conflcit + limitation relating o supernational insitutions
* 2015 peace deal and 2018 peace deal
* treateis
* mediated by afican union, IGAD and UN in both cases
128
how many ngo's operat in south sudan + limitation
* 300
* lack of a coprehsive stratergy as so fractured
129
when was here a loss of acces to teh upper nile in south sudan
* 2014 - got back in 2015 ( rapid evacution
* 2016 ( 12 aid workers killed)
130
whats been a failer of the south sudanse gov in terms of making conflict worse ( not causing te initual conflict )
* failing to negotiate grazing right sperpetuating the conflcit
* failer to protectwomen and children from trafficking
* failer to deal with IDP, homless ness and squatters
131
how many peopel do the UN estimate have at least been killed by peace keppers in mali
205 civillian
132
what % of peopelare at risk of food inecurity beause of the conflict in mali
18%
133
how much of urban vs rural polultion have elctrisity in mali
* urban 86%
* rural 8%
134
how much of urban vs rural population have sewage in mali and what coudl this rellate to
* 1 vs 43% disease, place in term sof inequllity and power and boders
135
what % of malian live bellow teh povert lien
50%
136
give an expale of an injustice in mali from failer of orgnisations to hold up teh rule of law
* 16% of marrages are still chidl marrages depite it having been made illegl but deling with conflict is amne issue i guess
137
how many health facilities have been destroyed in mali or damged
at leadt 100
138
what was GDP in mali in 2012 vs 2021
* started going up again 2 years after coup
* $753 - 2012
* $874 - 2020
139
how many IDP in mali
* 400 k
140
how many refugees are ther from mali
585k
