changing spaces making places

Question 1

what are the charateristics that shape a place (6+1 honerary)

Answer 1

• demographic
• culture
• natural charteristsic
• built charaterists
• political
• socio- econics
• ( past and present conections)

Question 2

what shapes shapes teh charteristsic sof a place

Answer 2

• flows of people
• flows of money
• flows of ideas
• floes of tec

Question 3

when talking about place profile what case study shoudl you be using

Answer 3

stokes croft vs lansdown

Question 4

whats the demographic lansdown vs stokes croft and how might this shape the rest of the place profile

Answer 4

age
* Stokes croft: average afe 31but with a high proportion of students
* Lansdown: 48
1. politics- this will effect the political charteristic of the two areas. Stokes croft comes under the city of bristol constituency, which is a labour safe seat and is home to the active, socialsit PG the peoples republic of stokes croft vs lansdown which comes under the city of bath and is liberal democrat closly followed by tory. This makes sense as 67% people aged 18-25 vote labour vs 25% people aged 65+.
2. Socioeconomics- because stokes croft has a younger population this may partically be why socioeconimically it is much poorer, as people are ealier on in their carea paths. SC= 10% most deprived in the uk vs LD which is in the 10% least
3. cultural and built enviroment- lanswown has more arguably “retiremt” facillities and for fmaillies. enterprises aimed at perhaps older people, for example, there are three churhces and 2 golf clubs as well as 4 schols

ethnicity
* Stokes croft: 50-66% white but with 30% black carebein (from windrush)
* Lansdown: 96% white
1.clutural + buit enviroment- stokes croft is notious for it’s diversity of foods, as the flows of peopel bring flows of ideas. For instance, the Caribbean Croft caribbean restaurant.
2. politics- this is also likly a contrabuting factor to why stokes croft is more left wing leaning as 78% of non white people voted labour in 2019

education
* Stokes croft: 15% with level 4 eduction
* Lansdown: 54% with level 4 education
( national average is 34% )
1. socio economics- average income in SC is 32k vs 46 in LD

Question 5

whats the socioeconomics like lansdown vs stokes croft and how might this shape the rest of the place profile

Answer 5

income
* SC: 32k
* LD:46k
1. demographic- LD democgraphic is older, peopel who are further advanced though their careas (av age 31 vs 48)
2. political- stokes croft city of bristol labour safe seat vs lansdown which is liberal democrat

deprivation
* SC: bottom 10%
* LD: top 10%
1. built enviroment and cutural differnces- lansdown is notorious for its hill side mantions as well as the two private schools of the royal high school and kingswood school that it contains. Conversly, stokes croft is notorious for its street art and colourful artic terris hosuing.
1. this has a secondry socio economic effect of poorer health outcomes in SC,
* SC: bottom 5%
* LD: top 10%
* SC: life expectancy 78
* LD life expectancy 85

Question 6

what health brakets are stokes croft and lansdown in

Answer 6

• lansdown is the top 10 %
• SC: bottom 5%

Question 7

whats the politics like lansdown vs stokes croft and how might this shape the rest of the place profile

Answer 7

organisations
* The peoples republic of SC
* The lansdown cresant assosiation
1. culture- watchful eye on local sheep and tea and coffee events on holidays vs a foccus on “individual and cival liberties and arts and cuture”, help orgniase climate trikes and the peopels art fair 2022

voting
* SC: City of bristol, labour safe seat
* LD: City of bath Liberal democrat conservatiev battle ground seat
1. cultural- much more of a social justic collectivist spirist, stokes crodt riots 2011 when gentrification of a new tesco, cimate strikes, and dont pay uk movement

Question 8

whats the name of the art thing the peopels republic of stokes croft helped organise

Answer 8

• The peoples art fair 2022

Question 9

whats teh crime rate SC vs LD

Answer 9

• SC: 11 arested every 1000
• LD: 1.98 evry 1000
• NA: 2.5 evry 1000

( socioeconomic factor)

Question 10

whats teh culture like LD-SC and how does this effect place profile

Answer 10

**Art **
* SC: notorious for its street art and bein the birth place of banksy
* LD: famous for its bath stone and georgan architecture, making it a part of a unesco WHS
1. built enviroment- stokes crofts build enviroment is constantly changing with a new coating of street art every year at upfest. Conversly, landsdown is very historical and well preserved as must the buildings are grade A litsed.

Question 11

what is the natural enviroment like LD and SC and how does natural enviroment shape place profile

Answer 11

**geographical Location and greenery **
* LD: lansdown is on the edge of the city on a protected green belt, on a south facing hill above the smog of the city of bath.
* SC: center of the city bristol, which is near the bristol channel.
1. buit enviroment and socioeconomics - consquently lansdown is and always has been a verydesirbale plave to live. Therefore we see the buildings there are to house very wealthy foak, with teh lansdown mations. They are also made of the notorious bath stone which is mined from just outside the area. Consequentally, the average income in lansdown is 46K vs SC and the national average which is 32k
2. demogrpahic- Stoke croft being near the bristol channel mean that it has a past conection to thw windrush ship that used to transport black carebein foke over to england after teh war. Consequentally, SC population is 30% black carebein + by river avon runs though
3. cultural: this has a secondry cultural effect as stocked croft is home to a variety of ethnic shop and food places.

Question 12

how does built enviroment shape place profile in lansdown and Stokes croft

Answer 12

housing
* LD: lansdown mansions
* SC: beautiful, colourful terris housing
1. demogrpahic and socioeconomics - lansdown manions attract upper class, extreamly welthyyy demogrpahic, this means the average income is 46k vs 32 na and 32 in SC. also in regards to socio economic persutes, Kingswood private school occupies the estate of william beckford.
2. Socioeconomics: stokes croft housing attrcats more of a high street vibe, as houses are not gated but on the street, there is a viantge market in an old wearhouse, caribein croft restaurant and the crafty egg.

Art/graphiti
* SC: graphiti and art attracting - (starting with banksy)
1.demographics- younger creatievs
2.culture- Upfest and the peopels art fair 2022

Question 13

what are the present conections LD and SC and how does this effct place profile

Answer 13

school
* LD: kingswood school, teh royal high scholl and st stevens
* Bristol is home two too city based unis
1. demogrpahic- Stokes crof average age is 31 vs 48 in LD. Bristol’s unis mean tehre is alot of young students and bristol has the highest % of student that remain after graduation of any uni in the country. Conversly the juior and secondry schools in lansdown likly actract families and as 2 are prvate more afluet ones at that. Consquentally, socioeconomiclaly average income is LD is 46k vs 32 na and in sc and the average age is 46-8 closer to the age of parents of teenagers.

street atists
* Stokes croft: is the birth place of banksy and a notorious street art hub
1. cluture- upfest and teh peopels art fair 2022

Question 14

how do past conections shape LD and SC

Answer 14

history
* LD: becford, WHS beuse of georgan architecture
* Bristol channel and teh legcy of being a slave port as well as a destination for the windrush and deindustrialisation.
1. Built enviroment and socio economics- lansdown’s built enviroment remians true to its orginal with lansdown cresent and the lansdown mansions as its a WHS. This also means its prodominatly residencual propperty now with wealthy tenants ( av income 46k). Also interms of scio economic persutes, its homw to kingswood school which ocupies teh old estate of william beckford, whom at one point was teh richest man in england.
2. decographis- becuse of windrush and slavery, generationally peooel ahev remained, andit wanst that long ago these things happened, consequentally the population is 30% black carabein.
3. culture- after deindustrialiastion in bristol there was breifly alsot of deraliction, bohemians and squatters occupied much of stokes croft. This, combined with the more ethically mixed population meant SC emerged as a arts and culture hub. Today its known for its street art, incluing Banksy and teh anual UPfest.

**ideas of healing and wellness dating back to the roman and georgan era **
* LD: in bath spa, emerged as a healing and recriation town dating back to the romans.
1. Built enviroment- there are 4 historical churches in the area, arguably this legacy has also continues to present day as there are 2 gold corses as well as a race course and multiple parks/ green spaces in the area

Question 15

what flows of people there are in LD and then SC and how has this shaped place profile

Answer 15

students
* SC: 2 city unis in bristol
1. demogrpahic- Stokes crof average age is 31 vs 48 in LD. Bristol’s unis mean tehre is alot of young students and bristol has the highest % of student that remain after graduation of any uni in the country.
2. politics- secondry effect, labour safe sea city of bristol, 67% of people aged 18-24 vote labour.

windrush
Sc: 30% black carbein
1. demographic
2. cultural and socioeconomic persutes- (food) the caribbean croft

**retairment **
* LD: mansions of the greenbelt of a small city mean its where alot of wealthy people may choes to retire.
1. socio economics- 2 gold clubs and lansdown rase course and 4 churches and multiple park/green spaces

Question 16

what flows of ideas there are in LD and then SC and how has this shaped place profile

Answer 16

** windrush**
* Sc: 30% black carbein
1. demographic
2. cultural and socioeconomic persutes- (food) the caribbean croft

deindustrialisation
* SC: squatters and bohemians
culture- after deindustrialiastion in bristol there was breifly alot of deraliction, bohemians and squatters occupied much of stokes croft. SC emerged as a arts and culture hub. Today its known for its street art, incluing Banksy and teh anual UPfest.

**attempted gentrification **
* SC: tesco
1. politcis: 2011 tesco riots

**ideas of healing and wellness **
* LD: in bath spa, emerged as a healing and recriation town dating back to the romans.
1. Built enviroment- there are 4 historical churches in the area, arguably this legacy has also continues to present day as there are 2 gold corses as well as a race course and multiple parks/ green spaces in the area

Question 17

how have flows of money shaped LD and stokes croft’s place profile

Answer 17

** gentrification and investemtn from big bussiness**
* SC:
1. politics- 2011 tesco riots
2. culture- white washing of what was before a very ethnically diverse area,

deindustrialisation and lack of reinvestment after the war
* SC: squatters and bohemians
culture- after deindustrialiastion in bristol there was breifly alot of deraliction, bohemians and squatters occupied much of stokes croft. SC emerged as a arts and culture hub. Today its known for its street art, incluing Banksy and teh anual UPfest.

**socioeconomic persutes such as the 2 gold corses, race course and numerous upmarket pub and resutrants in **
* LD:
1. demographic and socioeconomics- 96% white with an average sallery of 46K vs teh na of 32k

Question 18

if your asked about the chartersists that shape place idenity what should be your paragraphs 16 marker + conclusion

Answer 18

• natural enviroment and past conections
  1. built enviroment and socio economics- lansdown manions ans lansdown cresent, - white upper class 96% white and av income 46k vs 32k na.
  2. demographic- windrush and 30% balck carbein demogrphic of SC
• demogrphic
  1. socio economics of LD, golf course, pubs, raec course and private schools
  2. culture and socioeconimics sc- bohemians and squatters, balck carabein book- caribbean croft street art, upfest and bansky.
• Conclusion, all charaterisics are interdependent as they funimentally have to shape one another inorder to create place profile. However, historially, the natural enviroment first, so although it may not be the mot significant factor today, over the long term it’s the most significant factor as it was the fundimentlal charteristic which shaped the rest.

Question 19

for a 16 marker on the most important flows shaping place identity what should be your paragraphs + conclusion

Answer 19

• flows of people and ideas
  1. LD: ideas of healing and wellness, in bath spa, emerged as a healing and recriation town dating back to the romans. This also mean’s flows of peopel consist of alot of older, wealthier retiring peopel. Built enviroment- there are 4 historical churches in the area. Demographic average age is 48 vs 31 in sc
• windrush
  1. demographic 30% black carbein, flow of ideas of cultural and socioeconomic persutes- (food) the caribbean croft.
• flows of money
  1. demogrphic and socioeconomics- LD- investments, race course, 2 gold clubs, multiple up market pubs and resurants= white upper class, 96% white with 46k av income, in top 10% for health outcome
  2. culture and socioeconomic enterprises- SC- lack of investemtn after the war and deindustrialsiation, squatters and bohenians, arts cluture hub, vinage market in old wear house, banksy, upfest and peopel art air 2022, but bottom 5% for health oucomes.
  3. gentrifcation in stokes croft, white washing the area f culture but aslo having a political effect on the area in terms of the 2011 stokes croft tesco riots.
• Conclusion, all follows are interdependent as they funimentally have to shape one another inorder to create place profile. However, I would argue that flows of people are the most important factor in shaing place profile. A place is a space with a meaning and idenity to someonw and therefore it is the peopel who ocupy an area which are the most significnat in place profile. There is no flow of ideas without a person being a vesil for an idea and people fundimentally shape flows of money in an area by chosign what shops and enterprises they want to engage with. Or as a more extreem exaple, thought boycotting and rioting over the new tescos in stokes croft in 2011, foring it to close.

Question 20

for a 16 marker on the most important past and presnt conection shaping place identity what should be your paragraphs + conclusion

Answer 20

**past **
* SC windrush - demogrpahic and culture (caribbean croft) (30% black carebein )
* LD ralph alen bath stone and geotrgan architecture- WHS built enviroment has not changes + lansdown masions, socioeconomics - av prop price LD is 500k vs 70-135k in SC

**present **
* school
1. LD: kingswood school, teh royal high scholl and st stevens
1. Bristol is home two too city based unisdemogrpahic- Stokes crof average age is 31 vs 48 in LD.
2. Bristol’s unis mean tehre is alot of young students and bristol has the highest % of student that remain after graduation of any uni in the country. Conversly the juior and secondry schools in lansdown likly actract families and as 2 are prvate more afluet ones at that. Consquentally, socioeconomiclaly average income is LD is 46k vs 32 na and in sc and the average age is 46-8 closer to the age of parents of teenagers.
* street atists
1. Stokes croft: is the birth place of banksy and a notorious street art hub
1. cluture- upfest and teh peopels art fair 2022

• Conclusion, both past and presnt conection are equallky important as present concetion shape more of what the place is like now, such as with the younger deographc of SC due lareg impart to teh university. But they are influced by past conections. for exaple kingswood school, one of the private schools on lansdown occupised oen of the old lansdown mansions that beloned to the becford estate. the importance of each also depends of the location. For exaple, arguably past conections are more important in LD as its a WHS so not much of teh built enviroment has changed, Conversly in SC, present conection sucha s to that with street artsists are very influencial, the buit enviroment changes significantly, evey year during upfest wheere all the major street art murals in the area get replaced.

Question 21

in terms of socio economics in LD and SC what should u try mention more

Answer 21

• house prices
• LD: av property is 500k 2019 vs 70-135k in SC (but house prises in sc are rising much quicker)
• helthoutcome
• LD: top 10%
• SC: bottom 5%

Question 22

whats teh diffence between place and space + when would you use this definition

Answer 22

• in an intro to a 16 marker= place is a space with an identity, that means something to some oen

Question 23

whats the case study you use for peoples place idenity

Answer 23

catalan

Question 24

what social charateristcs efect peopels perception of place/ place idenity + give an exaple

Answer 24

• age- a club to a young perosn vs a 90 on one had will likely be persived as exiting and fun vs loud, bussy and irritaing
• gender- a public walkway for a man might be a lesurly place where he takes his evning run but put a woman in thatt same situation and she will liekly persive it as a dangerous place 63% of women who walk home alone at night always feel unsafe
• sexuallity- there are certain enviroments such as say a foot ball match or even going to another country that may be threttening to homosexual people where a it is an exiting place to sa staright person. for eample gay mareg is illegal and isnt recognised in turkey
• religion- a church or catehdral to a christan is a holly place of imense importance where as to a non religous person it may just be a pretty building
• role - a resurant depending on if your a emplyee or a customer will eitehr hold conitaions of stress or lesure

Question 25

if a question is asking about hwo people persive a place what are you talking about

Answer 25

* age * gender * sexuallity * religion * role

Question 26

what % of women feel unsafe walking home at night always

Answer 26

63%

Question 27

in a question about perseption of place, in order what charterists should u talk about.

Answer 27

* gender and sexullity (safty) * religion * age

Question 28

cases study for how someones emotional attachemnt to a place effects tehir behaviour and actions in a place

Answer 28

catalonia

Question 29

how someones emotional attachemnt to a place effects tehir behaviour and actions in a place

Answer 29

* cutural demostration 1. inderpendence ref 2017 92% voted for inderpendence, denayed by spain = rioting and in 2019-2020 there were protests in barcelona ofover 350,000 people. * celebration 1. human tower as a part of anual fetival - castells 2. barcilona football club, stadium of 55,000 often full

Question 30

why so catelonian peopel have a stong sense of place atchement | 5 reasosn under one

Answer 30

**there a a nation of people without state** * for instance they have tehir own language that 37% of the population speak * thwir own tradition and cluture such as the huaman tower castells * sport - the balelona football team is one of the best in the world * their own food - eg black rice made with squid inck * art and artcitchture - galdi, dry stone masonry, and trencadis

Question 31

what is painting with tiles known as

Answer 31

trencadis

Question 32

why might peopel have a stong emotional attachemt to a place

Answer 32

* language * tradition * art and architecture * sport * food

Question 33

what is space time compression

Answer 33

**technological innovation **that reduces the time and cost of travel and communication between distant places, so that tehy seem closer together

Question 34

what is globalisation

Answer 34

businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale

Question 35

how does globalisation and time space compression effect perception of place + countre

Answer 35

* gentrification and white washing 1. TNC estblish themself in developing nations, result in gentrification and a loss of cluture 2. for example, disney has now become a multinatioanl organisation, with there films translated in many langues. though doing this however, many countries original tellings of fairy tales are being lost. 3. the same hapens with food, coca cola in is 200 counties. 4. however foreign dirrct investment can also improve areas if thre are run down or derralict. (note: this acn be used as a counter for flows of ideas in a migration essay) * multiculturalism 1. flows of peopel being flows of ideas more more established bilateral flows. THis helps create more mixed, unique and interesting places. 2. for example, brick lane in london in a notorious cltural hub and has been a center of diaspora for years. E.G brick lane bakery bagles are world famouse, with the original jewish fmaily owners operating there since 1855. 3. however the changing sense of place idenity can create conflic, for instance with the finsbury park mosque attack in 2017.

Question 36

what are the ways that there have been incresed globlisation and spacetiem compression

Answer 36

* fiberoptics and more peopel getting celphones and computers, even in teh dethe developing world * mass scale shipping * rapid speed air travel * globalisation companies setting up new factories, head quaters and outlets across teh world * distinctive coradoors of bilateral flows of migrants ahev established themself

Question 37

in a question aboutglobalisation and time space compression waht must u first do in your intro

Answer 37

defien them

Question 38

for any 16 marker what must u do that u always forget

Answer 38

* expalin teh words of teh question in teh intro to show you knowledge and understanding

Question 39

for any 16 marker what must u do that u always forget

Answer 39

* expalin teh words of teh question in teh intro to show you knowledge and understanding

Question 40

how many countries is coca cola in

Answer 40

200

Question 41

what is TNC investing in new countries called

Answer 41

foreign dirrect investement

Question 42

what does globalisation and space tiem compression arguably create .. (term)

Answer 42

* a gloabal village

Question 43

what do i mean when i say formal vs informal plce represenation

Answer 43

* formal - quantative data * informal- quallatatiev

Question 44

when talking about formal vs informal place representation what should be your case

Answer 44

New york

Question 45

whats teh issue with formal and informal place representaion

Answer 45

* formal ignores peopels place idenity * informal is subject to alot of bias

Question 46

what are formal represenations of place

Answer 46

* census data * geo spacial data - ( data about the landsacpe)

Question 47

what are teh inforal represenations of place

Answer 47

* TV, film, music, art, photogrpahy, literature, (graphiti and blogs)

Question 48

how does differnt informal place idenity contrast with it self

Answer 48

**NYC** * TV and Film- films and musica like annie and west side story highligth the huge deprivation and inquallity in NY where as serise like sex in the city and friends paint it out to be quite a glamerous place, where you can have a 2000sq apartemt on a chef and waitress sallery. * music- music can glamerise NYC such as in franksinatras new york new york where as other songs paint a more relaistic picture, such as teh only living boy in new york by simon and garfunkle which expresses how lonly it actully is. * literature- * photographs- the slum dogs of new york phot of child homlessnes vs lucnh a top a sky scraper highlighting the opertunitys in nyc ans the brave hustler spirit of its workforce.

Question 49

how does differnt informal place idenity contrast with formal place idenity

Answer 49

**informal is more possitve ** **socioeconomics ** * housing 1. the averege rent is nyc is 2700 dollars and av apartemnt size is 820sf vs the frinds appartment which is 1,700sf and is estamted to cost 4,000 a month. yet isowned by a waitress and a chef. * employment 1. frank sinatra new york new york, says he wants to wakup and find hes "A numbre 1 top of the list king of the hill" yet in the bronx 16% of the population earn less than 10,000 a year and 30% live bellow the poverty line. **Natural and buit enviroment** * there is a corrilation between represention and reallity 1. in the song epire state of mind its decribed as a concreet jungle, taking him back to that macdonelds and being hood. this represets the phsycial pace profile as new york with its 6000 sky scrapers, the bronks area and infestation of TNC's

Question 50

informal represenations of place are more significant than formal representations in influenicng peoples perseption of place/ is more acurate representaion of place idenity - essay plan

Answer 50

* intro 1. informal place idenity its anyhting classified as quallative data about a place. This involves, TV, Films, Art, photography, literature, street art and blogs. formal place idenity is quantatative data, so census data and geospacial data. both are important in shapign peoples perseption of a place but becuse of the greater prevelance of the media in peoples lives informal place representaion is more significant. * informal 1. informal representions are more significant as they reach more people/affect more peoples place perseption, depite inacuracies. 1. for example frinds which is set in nyc and give quite an idelaistc view of the city is the most watched tv show of all tiem. In the show they own a 1,600sf apartment valued at $4000 dollars a mounth depite being a waiter and a chef. This shows how socioeconics as a charteristc of place idntity of a place can be distorted easily by conventional media and accepted by the masses so that they have a false sense of place identity 2. However, For example the only living boy in nyc by simon and garfunkle speaks about how lonly nyc is, when according to a census study 57% of newyorkers are lonly. - yet peopel tend to view neq york as a scocial hub/ "city that never sleeps" * formal 1. formal place identity- more acurate 2. for example, shows like sex in the city and gossip girl try and paint a picture of nyc as a glamerous, upmarket city. Howver, nyc has still gained a reputaion for being one of the dirtiest cities in the world. Thsi refects geo spavial data as tehre is estmated to be over 2 million rats in the city which is equivilant to a rat per 4 peopel. 3. however there is a massive overlap as formal idenity shapes informal idenity: for example in the song epire state of mind nyc's physical place profile is describes as a concreet jungles, and acording to geo spacial data nyc is one of the bussiest skylines in the world, with over 6000 high rise buildings. Therfore its impossible to tell which is more significnt. * conlusion 1. formal place idenity is significant in shaping peopels perseption of place as it is more a more acurate representionof place. However, as people consume ore informal representaion, especially now adays becuse of the media, informal place idenity is more significant.

Question 51

how many high rise buildings are ther in nyc

Answer 51

6000

Question 52

what % of newyorkers described tehmself as lonly

Answer 52

57%

Question 53

how many rats are tehre in nyc

Answer 53

* 2 million, 1 for evey 4 peopel

Question 54

what is social inequllity

Answer 54

* the unequal distrbaution of resorces and wealth across a population.

Question 55

by what mechnisms can you mesure inequallity

Answer 55

* housing * healthcare * access to servies * education * emplotment * wealth/income

Question 56

how can u measure income inequallity - realting to employment and wealth

Answer 56

* gini coefficent * % of peopel in absolute poverty

Question 57

how much do u have to live off a day to be considered as livin in absolute poverty

Answer 57

* $1.25 a day

Question 58

what does the gini coefficent do

Answer 58

* measures the rate of icome inequallity in a country 0 being absolute equallity and 1 being 1 person having all tge resources.

Question 59

give an example in the UK of there being alot of wealth inequallity

Answer 59

* London has a high gini coefficent rellative to the rest of teh uk, at 0.337.

Question 60

if your taking about inequallity between places where r u talking

Answer 60

* lansdown vs SC

Question 61

give evidence of inequallity though housing within and between places + explain

Answer 61

* social inequallity is closly liknked to the, type, condition and price of housing in an area. its a good reflection of income as it shows what people in an area are able to aford. **average prop/rent price ** * between 1. LD- 500k 1. SC- 70-400k * whithin 1. London Hatton cross - £325 per month Notting hill - £1820 per month * dtroit 85,oo lots abandoned

Question 62

if your talking inequallity within a place where are you talking

Answer 62

* london or england as a whole if yo dont have a london example

Question 63

explain give evidence of inequallity though health within and between places + explain + what other topic this links to

Answer 63

* There is a massive "post code lotterly" in the uk, in that where you are born dictates your health outcome. helth outcome is a good reflecter of inequallity as it refects access to servises, such as peropel per doctor. certain deprimental life style factors in terms of health are worse in deprived areas/ are unavoidable to people on lower incmes. For example, access to good air quallity or a good diet. A worse quallity of life also means that alchoholism, drug adictions and smoking are more previlent and can permiate culture. * disease dillemas - and the so called "post code lottery" **life expectancy and health outcome** * LD- top 10% and av lif ex 84 * SC- bottom 5% av lif ex 78

Question 64

give evidence of inequallity though education within and between places + explain

Answer 64

* education is a good refection of your job a income and therfore inequallity **peopel with level 4 qualificatins ** * LD: 54% * SC: 15%

Question 65

give evidence of inequallity though empoyment within and between places + explain

Answer 65

* lower rates of emplyment mean peopel arnt able to fund their life style. thi scan result in absolute poverty and a worse standard of living. ** employment** * LD: emplyment is nolonger publishes as a statistic but lansdown ranks amung the lowest interns of benifits claims in the country * SC: stokes croft is amung the top is in the op third for benifits claims. w

Question 66

give evidence of inequallity though access to servises within and between places + explain

Answer 66

* in places like in most of america, distrabution of tax is done via disticts. Therfore, if your district has a lower tax basis you will have less acess to quallity servises and a cycle of deprivation will ensue. * however, genrally acess to servises in the uk are unequally distributed, to premote further economic growth and to reach the most amount of peopel quallity servusises either public or private are usually placed in richer urban areas. For example, the elizabeth line in cental london. **access to schooling** * LD: 2 notoriously good state primary schools and 2 private senior schools * where as tehre areno schools in stokes croft depite them being the same sized area * this will then dictate the futures of the kids who grow up there and drive either a cycle of economic growth or deprivation.

Question 67

give evidence of inequallity though income within and between places + explain

Answer 67

* income is teh best dieect indicator of standard of living and thus inequallty between places. **income ** * LD: 46k * SC: 32k

Question 68

whats the best indictors of inequallity/ indicators u shoudl talk about in a question

Answer 68

* list them all but them, however the UN find that interms of an indicator of development and inequallity between places that which is included in HDI is the most important. This includes * Healthcare/health- refected by life expectancy * education- reflected by literacy rate * income- refected by GNI * however more on international scale, and in uk liercy rate is almost 100% so i will comare level of schooling and average income instead.

Question 69

why are there spacial patterns of inequallity between places + eplain + example

Answer 69

* housings inequallity 1. lower income, less afordable housing since the 1980s, 2nd home ownership andgentfification causing house prices and cost of living to increse 2. in SC the house market has seen a 200% increse, making it harkder for local to aford livivng in the area. 2. can have secondry health implications from mold of sleeping rouph= more time off work keeping peopel in a cycle of deprivation * health inequallity 1. lower income= poorer diet, clure of alcholholism, smoking an drug adiction as an escape from having a lower standard of living and quallity of life. rural areas often have poorer access to helth servises and the NHS is more over run due to the already decrese health outcome's from the reasons liste above. 2. SC: life ex 78 vs 84 in LD, income LD =46k vs 32SC LD-10% lest deprived SC= 10% most depived in uk 3. the glasgow eeefctb * education inequallity 1. unequal opertunity, e.g private schools and tuition since early 2000s mean people get differign eductions depending on their parenst income/ socio economic backagroud as well as where tehy grew up. 1. poor eductional opertunity helops maintain wealth inequallity, putting people in a cycle of deprivation. in more crowded urabn areas there is more stress on the schhols. 2. LD: 2 private schhols and 2 exeptionary state primary schools. 2. LD: 54% level 4 eduction vs SC: 15, income 46k vs 32k. 3. generationally this cycle of deprivation * wealth inequallity 1. low income, differnce in cost of living, e.g cost of living in londondon is 1,000 a month more than the rest of the uk average and the gini coeffcient for london is 0.334 vs in places like wincester where its 0.210 * inequallity in access to servises 1. this greatly effects quality of life and standard of living 2. schools in lansdown vs stokes croft

Question 70

what involved with quality of life and standard of living

Answer 70

* social * political * economic * physical

Question 71

list why/ how are there spacial patterns of inequallity between place

Answer 71

* housing * eductaion * health * wealth * access to servises

Question 72

winchester gini coefficient

Answer 72

0.210

Question 73

why are there spacial patterns of inequallity between places, what are your paragraphs

Answer 73

* wealth * health * housing

Question 74

whast the cycle of deprivation

Answer 74

* poverty * poor living consittions and access to srvises * poor health and education * poor skills and low productiverty

Question 75

list how **social inequallity** impacts on peopel and place in differnt ways if its a question about comparing two places.

Answer 75

**LD and SC** * physical enviroment(housing) (enviromental quallity) * social inequallity * digital divide

Question 75

for a case study of two places, what types of evidense is there of social inequallity list

Answer 75

**LD and SC** * enviromental quallity * social inequallity * digital divide

Question 76

for a case study of two places or if it has peopel and place in the title, what types of evidense is there of social inequallity

Answer 76

**LD and SC** * housing 1. 500k vs 70k-135k average * enviromental quallity 1. LD: green belt with two golf clubs and a two woodland areas inlcuding primrose woods. this has implictaions for quality of life and health outcome. SC on the other hand has one small area of greeland known as bog island which is no more than a few meaters squared. * social inequallity 1. crome rate in sc is 11/1000 vs 1.98 in LD, speaks to despiration of people * income inequallity 1. 46k vs 32 * digital divide 1. 98% of residents in LD have their own mobile devise or laptop vs 76% in SC. ....(made up)

Question 77

for a case study of two places or if it has peopel and place in the title, what types of evidense is there of social inequallity what are your points

Answer 77

* housing inequallity * income inequallity * factors relating to social inequallty (crime)

Question 78

for a case study of two places or if it has **people** and place in the title, list te factors that influece **peoples **social inequallty

Answer 78

* income * gender and age * health * personal mobillity * ethnicity * education

Question 79

for a case study of two places or if it has **people** and place in the title, explain/evidence the factors that influece **peoples **social inequallty

Answer 79

* income 1. ld= 46k sc=32k 2. worse standard of living and quality of life * gender and age 1. older peopel could expirece more social inequllity due to being confined to their homes and having a lower income due to retirement/ not being able to work. 2. women may expirence more inequallity due to the gender pay gap, beign the primary care giver and having to support children. 3. in the uk the gender pay gap is 15% for full time employees 4. worse standard of living and qaulity of life * health 1. 10% top LD,5% bottom SC, life ex 84 vs 78 2. worse quallity of life 3. stuck in cycle of deprivation * personal mobillity 1. disabillity limits where people are able to go and what jobs they can take on. 2. especially if tehy are not educated, manual labour job being out of the picture can cause alsot of inequlity interms of income an wealth 2. this is especially hard if someone doesnt yet qualify for disability benifits but is still very impared 3. result in worse quality of life and standard of living 4. worse kept pavments and more stirs in SC epecially as there are more flats rather than home ownership * ethnicity 1. rasism, job opertunities, generatioanl wealth all impact on social inequallity for people and places 2. LD 96% white vs Sc 55-60% and 30% back carabean population * education 1. treatment and job ops+ income 2. 54% level 4 education vs 15%

Question 80

for a case study of two places or if it has **people** and place in the title, order factors that influece **peoples **social inequallty u would use in an essay

Answer 80

* income * health *education

Question 81

who are the players in place making

Answer 81

* planners and architects * government, TNC's / organisation * local comunity groups

Question 82

How to spell architects

Answer 82

architects

Question 83

what is place making

Answer 83

* turning a space into a place by intensionally shaping an area to give it meaning and idenity to people.

Question 84

whats your exaple of poor place making

Answer 84

hulme cresent in manchester

Question 85

How do governemt, TNC's and orgnisations shape placemaking

Answer 85

* provide the initual investment that desides if a placemaking scheme can get of the ground or not.

Question 86

How do planners and achitects shape placemaking

Answer 86

* they desine, the built enviroment and physical place profile. this ultimatly deisded how peopel will operate in the place and its practivcal succes. - ( provide the physical aspect of placemaking)

Question 87

how do community groups shape a place.

Answer 87

* They shape teh huaman side of placemaking, giving the place a felt idenity and practical usage. * this include residents, assosiations, heritage assosiatios and socail media groups

Question 88

what community groups shape a place

Answer 88

* this include residents, assosiations, heritage assosiatios and socail media groups and [olitical groups

Question 89

how do planners and architects create a meaningful / succesful place

Answer 89

* refect history of the place - important to peoples place identie * changing the usage * creating mixed comunities that enspire socioeconomic development and social cohesion * creating 24 hour cities

Question 90

example of planners and architecs shaping creating a meanignplace by reflecting the history of a place

Answer 90

* Wapping warf bristol, old harber side, now home to a variety of popular shops, popups and resturants by the water * however they kept the old cranes and rail way from when it was an industrial ship yard to honer its herritage. Today this gives teh area a unique sense of identity and adds to the attaction of the area.

Question 91

example of planners and architecs shaping creating a meanignplace by changing the usage of a place

Answer 91

* the southbank center, in central london has multiple levls and wide streets inside and outside so they can acomidate the heavy traffic flow whilest accomidating performaces of street artists and they own hired artist. The Black fantastic outdoor music conserts that took place last july are a good example of this.

Question 92

example of planners and architecs shaping creating a meanignplace by creating a 24 hour city

Answer 92

* team of designers at Farrells put their minds to the problem of reinventing the london cannels so they wer a friendlier place to walk after dark. they came up with an unusual solution: use the canals. capital’s waterways transformed into a network of night markets, with a mobile app alerting Londoners to their closest floating shop, yoga studio or microbrewery as well as the conventional resurant and bar boats one usually sees. the program is beging to be implemted and has so far been succesful, however this has been thanks to the helping hand of the london mayor. This would also while making better overall use of an untapped urban resource. they were the winner of an ideas competition held as part of the London Festival of Architecture. * nightlife contributes £26bill to londons economy every year.

Question 93

how much does night life contrabute to londons economy a year

Answer 93

26 billion

Question 94

* give an example of creating mixed comunities that enspire socioeconomic development and

Answer 94

* the gorbells Crown Street Regeneration Project and New Gorbals Housing Association building new flats in the area. Some of which relativly luxioury apartmets to atrcat new comers and some afordable housing. * 2013 a £24m housing development of 201 homes was completed – Scotland’s largest ever single housing association grant-funded project. * although the gorbells is still one of the most deprived areas in Glasgow, poverty is no where near the levels of the 1900.

Question 95

how do mix comunites work

Answer 95

* they inspire socioeconomic development and social cohesion though creating diverse social and suport networks

Question 96

whats the name of the planner and architect company that did that scheme reating to cannel boats to create a 24 hour city

Answer 96

Farrells

Question 97

what is a 24 hour city

Answer 97

cities designed to operate over 24 hours, primarilly realtign to bssineses.

Question 98

what are mixed communities

Answer 98

designed to house a variety of people from differnt socio economic backgrouds inorder to inspie social ohesion and inspire development as people are influced by the social norms around them.

Question 99

how do mixed comunities inspire development wording

Answer 99

inspire development as people are influced by the social norms around them

Question 100

example of a failed place amking scheme realting to planners and developers

Answer 100

* hulme cresant

Question 101

examples of the importance of a failed plac making scheme realtign to there not being mixed communities

Answer 101

* hulme cresent, criem became a social norm. * knocked down 20 years after it was opened due to factors like this. * high rise social hosuing buit in the gorbells in the late 1900s had simillar issues, the last demolished in 2010

Question 102

give some specific examples of how hume cresant failed due to planning and architcture

Answer 102

* Clime up balconies= childs death in 1975 * open doors via letter boxes - crime * concreet wall = naighbours couldnt see each other across the way, this meant a sense of comunity never formed and there was no social responcabillity or trust * by 1975 600 residence had asked to be rehoused

Question 103

when was hume cresent created and torn down

Answer 103

1972-1992

Question 104

whats your exaple of place making by planners and architects, chaning usage and reflecting the history of a place history of a place to create meaningful and authentic places

Answer 104

* Wapping wharf, habourside bristol

Question 105

how do you spell Wapping wharf

Answer 105

Wapping Wharf

Question 106

why is wapping wharf limited A02 coments

Answer 106

* the area relies on pop ups, this mean its stuggling in the long term after covid * Businesses reported a loss in footfall of 7,000

Question 107

how much profit does wapping wharf generate annually

Answer 107

* near £5.8 million which is significant as its only a small area * test stat in an essay

Question 108

why do governments place make and regenerate

Answer 108

* to attact inward investment and further regeneration

Question 109

whats a recent way internationalgovernment has played a role in regeneration in glasgow

Answer 109

* Cop 26, causing a boom in the tourist industry as glassgow was given a spotlight on teh world stage

Question 110

what is governmnts role in placemaking + evidence of success and countre evidence

Answer 110

investment (but they dont deside the success of teh place making schemes) * for example hulme cresent cost gov £400 million but failed due to planners and architects * however 2013 there was a £24 million grant to build 201 homes in the gorbells (lagest single devlopment grnat ever give to scotland), and teh gorbals and glasgow has been slowly regernating and poverty decreasing, - however this is also due to teh mix communites put in by planners and architcts in chareg of teh scheme.

Question 111

who are the players in placemaking (in order of paragrpaphs)

Answer 111

* planners and arhcitects * government and **orgnisations ** * local comunity groups

Question 112

what are orgnisations role in place making ? + example + A02 coment

Answer 112

** investment** * Southwest Airlines Heart of the Community grant, $3.6 million to PPS * a beach in down town detraoit inspiring sociabillity and comunity, helping foster safer neighbourhoods 1. lareg scarle, funded 20 prodjects across the US and mexico

Question 113

possitive AO2 coment about gov and orgaisations

Answer 113

* have a large budget so can fund a numer of projects acoss a large areas or put alot of money into singular prodjects.

Question 114

2 negative and possitive AO2 coment about the power of local groups in placemaking

Answer 114

* they are bottom up statergies so they cant make significant changes without collaberation or funding from outside sources such as organisations and governemnt and still their impacts may be limmited as funding is usually spred out. * because they ae bottom up they are usaully small scale * they provide a sense of authentic place ienity as it is residence who are shaping place making and the place will refect the needs of the comunity

Question 115

what are the three types of local community groups that can make a diffence to place identity/ place making

Answer 115

* herritage assosiations * residence assosiation * social media groups * political groups

Question 116

how do local comunity groups shape placemaking/what is there roel/how do they shape place idenity

Answer 116

* comunity partnerships mean that places refect the needs of the comunity and develope a more authentic place idenity

Question 117

whats your example of a local comunity group involved in place making

Answer 117

Place = The bear pit bristol * The bear pit improvment group

Question 118

exaplain how a local comunity group shapes place making + stat on evidence of its success + AO2 about this exact group

Answer 118

Place = The bear pit bristol * The bear pit improvment group 1. active on twittr and facebook, allowing residents to share new ides 2. comunicates: street theatre in the pit bilbord of local artwork takes care of teh bear statue and is thought to have food from bear bit local traders * in 2009 it was teh most feared area in inner city bristol where as today its a vibant cominity with a creative and artistci sense of place idenity. * unlike most comunity place amking prodjects this has been self funded and continues to be till this day

Question 119

what is globalisation

Answer 119

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale:

Question 120

acording to the spec whats driven structual economic change

Answer 120

* the influence of global conections and globalisation (including) 1. deindustrialisation and gl;obal development 2. the rise of the servise industry -(clark ans fisher sector model)

Question 121

whats are global conections

Answer 121

* realte to migration- diaspora 1. flows of people 2. flows of ideas 3. flows of money 4. flows of tec 5. (hightened by time space compression)

Question 122

whats the economic transition model thing known as

Answer 122

the clark and fisher secotor model

Question 123

what is structual economic change also know as

Answer 123

economic restructuring

Question 124

what is The Gobal shift

Answer 124

* the rapid period of structual economic change that has occured over the past 30 or so years due to a range of factors such as globalisation, time space compression and the development of the third world. This has involved almost all major industry moving to the developing world (primary and secondry sector) and AC moving into the primary industried being the tershary sector ( the rise of the servise industry) as well as the emergence of the quateernary industy as a major industies

Question 125

what is structual economic chanage

Answer 125

* structural change is a shift or change in the basic way a market or economy functions, e.g moving from dominance in one sector to another.

Question 126

how does structual economic change occure explain

Answer 126

* (originally due to developments in tec/ machinery major industries allowing for manual labour jobs to become automatised)- breifly metion * but the global shif which has been a rapid period of cross continental structual economic chnage over the past 30 years has been due **globalisation and global conections and the rise of new ecconomic powers, enabled by time space comression**. E.g global broadband allowing for qucick communictions, air travel, and trade roots occupide by major shipping continers.

Question 127

what are booms and busts in the economy known as

Answer 127

cyclical ecconomic change

Question 128

what are the three types of economies according to the clark and fisher sector model and what sectors dominate in each

Answer 128

* pre industrial 1. primary- most industry rekates to raw materials * industrial 1. secondry- most industry relates manufactoring with some servise jobs that support the new incomes of the better paid manufactoring jobs (the possitive multiplyer effect) (PME) * post industrial 1. tertiary- industry has relocated to cheaper developing countries so the servises secotor dominates, there is also an emergance of the quaternary sector reating to stem feilds

Question 129

how do you spell tertiary

Answer 129

tertiary

Question 130

whats a limmitaion of the clark and fisher transition model

Answer 130

* it is a vast oversimplification

Question 131

explain the Possitive multiplyer effect and then its effect on place

Answer 131

* establishing of a key industry 1. e.g. a large manufactoring plant * expansion of local job opertunites * expansion of population and wealth * inflow of futher bussiness and capital to supply new demands of the work force and take advantage of the growing population/work force * ( this in itself is a possitive feedback loop) (however government tedns to also get involved) * higher tax basis increses the power of national or local governemnts spending capcity resulting in better servises, physical infastucture and cultiral infatsrsucture * this actracts greater flows of peopel and bussiness, futher supporting the multiplyer effect.

Question 132

what are the socio economic **opertunities** of **Structual economic change** in **AC's** for **people and place**

Answer 132

**people** * cheaper imports = reduces cost of living for people 1. in 2012 only 2.5% of apparel costs were american made in the states and apparel cost in the states are down 8% frm 30 years ago on averge (not ajusting for inflation)m * lost industry can lead to better health oucomes for work forces 1. since deindustialisation in glasgow lide expectancy has risen from averaging 65 years pretty consistently before the millnia to 71 years now. * movingg into quaternary sector = better tec imorving peoles lives **place** * locational labourmakrket fexabllity as more people work digitally, helping people sred out and reducing social inequallity in specific regins especilly in rural areas * greater profits for teh developemt of LIDCs, e.g by increse in export demands or opertunities for Foreign dirrect investment 1. port talbort steel works in south wales was due to close in 2016 but stayed open due to investment from indian company, = 4,000 jobs and expected £3 billion PME to wales econ * economic op from quternary sector 1. e.g. birmingham tc park, vs oldmajor industry was metal bashing, leaders in biotec and medicine.

Question 133

in structual economic chage a challenge caused by it is also know as ...................... in the sec

Answer 133

a cause of social inequallity

Question 134

what are the **challenges**/ inequallities caused by of **Structual economi change** in **AC's** for **people and place** + countre

Answer 134

**people** * unemployment of unskkiled workers 2. this lead to cycle of deprivation ensighting, life expectany did rise liek it did in the rest of the country, 30% higher risk of dying before the age of 30, the "glassgow eefect" 3. culture of alchoholism and violence ensued, "the glasgow kiss" Howerver, some industry still survives 1. port talbort steel works in south wales was due to close in 2016 but stayed open due to investment from indian company, = 4,000 jobs and expected £3 billion PME to wales econ **place** * deindustrialisation leadign to decline of a place 1. 2023, there are an estimated 1,500 street lights out in Detroit 2. empty lots and 14 of buildings are vacant/ abandoned

Question 135

what are the socio economic **opertunities** of **Structual economic change** in **LIC's** for **people and place**

Answer 135

* increased job ops - PME * profit from exports and globalisation - "trickle down" * reduce regative trade ballences * over all help reduce the devlopment gap 1. $19.3 trillion GDP - china is a prime example of how a countrie has done this, since openign up there borders to FDI te economy has grown to almost overtake the us in the pas 30 years really - but chinas gini coefficent is 0.57 = high wealth inequllity

Question 136

whats it called when money gets from the top to the bottom of an economic higharchy

Answer 136

* the trickle down effect

Question 137

what are the socio economic **challenges** of **Structual economic change** in **LIC's** for **people and place**

Answer 137

**people** * rurl urban divide and urban inequllity 1. for example While there are many millionaires in Lagos, about 66% of the population lives in slums * disrust agricultural food suplies * over dependence on narrow economic basis, leaving counties vunrable to politicla curreuption and TNC's witdrawing 1. shell lobbying in nigeria, to silence ogoni people despite polluting their land 2. lead the death of 4 actovists including ken saro wiwa most famously. * social exploitation through swet shops 1. many swet shops in south east asia now have suidide nets as teh condistions are so bad, chemicals used are also toxic to peoples health **place** * enviromental issues from rapid industrialisation 1. shell poluting the ogoni peoples land though oils spills - also damaging health of teh locals

Question 138

whats your example of a place facing challenges due to structual economic change

Answer 138

* detroit 1. cheaper to import cards from foreign brands like japan with toyota (globalisation)

Question 139

what % of peopel in detroit live bellow the poverty line

Answer 139

* 36%

Question 140

what % of peopel who live in detroit are unemployed

Answer 140

23%

Question 141

how do governments reinforce, reduce and crete patterns of social inequallity + AO2 coments

Answer 141

**policy and investment** * where icome tax brackets are 1. 12k nothing 40k 20% over 100k 40%, 1. 24.3% of budget sent of welfair 12.3 on education and 20% in health * arguably these are to broad+low and the tory gov even tried to get rid of the top bracket accounting for why the uk still sees so much social inequallity between places today. 1. 13% of uk citozens liv bellow the poverty line vs 6% in sweden who have much higher taxaction and a higher % of the budget spent on eduction and welfair * how tax is distributed/ invested **AO2 ** 1. many countries liek the us have distric based tax budgets making social inequallity between places much worse as local goverments will have vastly fiffent budgets 1. diffcult in LIDCs to provide welfair and to fund social servis as they dont have alsot of money 2. however these are influencial on a lareg national scale * furlough scheme subsidised at 80% of peopels income * leveling up scheme in teh north of england helping to reduce the devlopemnt gap, 1. £1.7bn to projects in October 2021 and another £2.1bn in January 2023 - AO2 large budget = lareg scale * new development schemes must have afordable hosuign to foster nixed communities in the uk * minimum wage in uk set by gov * however there are subject to teh ideological elaning of government. 5. US states in teh south dont have minimum wages becuse of republican governemnt * TNC's in LIDC's hold alot of lobbying power as theya re such significnat players in teh ecconomy menaing Governemnt might not have tehe power to implemts a minimu wage for example. * costly, harder for LIDCs

Question 142

how to spell furlough

Answer 142

furlough

Question 143

whats teh main pattern of social inequallity in the uk and the main schem to tackle it

Answer 143

* NS divide 1. leveling up scheme 2. The Levelling Up Fund awarded £1.7bn to projects in October 2021 and another £2.1bn in January 2023 mostly in the north of englan

Question 144

why do we have cyclical economic change - ressesons

Answer 144

* economic crahses due to market bubbles popping 1. 2008 * crisi 1. lack of oil 1974 2. covid 3. wars crash after WW2 and Ukrain russia * changes in consumer behviour 1. joing EU = boom 1973 2. after covid = boom 1. mini ressesion 2001-2003 beuse of iraq

Question 145

list some negative + possitive consequences of cyclical economic change on people (ops and callenges)

Answer 145

**gretaer social inequallity in ressesions ** * 16% drop in housing prices and 10,000 aditional suisides in the uk 2008 * economy shrunk 6% within the firstquater of 2008 * 2.4 million made unemployed 2. on the other hand a numbre of new multi million and billion airs will have been made * arguably an opertunity for the mega wealthy as they invest while stocks are low. Since 2009 the numbre of billion iars has doubled **possitve multiplyer effect and reduces social inequallity in booms ** 1. however tend to be short term followed by a sharp crash 2. eg. boom in 1972 with GDp almost growing 6% in a year toa 10% drop in 1974 due to the oil crisis.

Question 146

j

Answer 146

h

Question 147

whats your case study on structual economic change

Answer 147

detroit

Question 148

who are teh players in structual ecconomic change

Answer 148

* **national governemnt** * **MNC/TNCs** * **local gov** * **international instertutions** * Comunity groups and NGOs

Question 149

whats an international instertution

Answer 149

multi/super govermental organisation e.g nato

Question 150

what was detroit liek before structual economic change, interms of demogrpahic, socio economics, enviroment and culture

Answer 150

**enviroment** * lare factories ford riverside employing 90,000 * in 50s was host to 25 iconic skyscrpers inclyding Penobscot Building **demographic** * top 5 biggest cities in US * city population grew from 500,000-1.8 million between 1900-1950 * huge growth in african american population 1940-50 (population doubled to 300,000) 1%-16% from 1900-1950 **socio economics** 1. possive multiplyer effect ensued * 1950 it was in the top 5 biggest cities in the US * peopel were well off as a car manufacturing job payed x3 other manufacturing jobs ($31 an hour) * home of thriving motown recrds- signed stevie wonder and jackson 5 etc = another econonic basis * the big fjord river rouge plant employed 90,000 peopel **culture** * known as motor city * became host to teh super bowl * birth place of motown music and motown records- stevie wonder, jackson 5 * 1990-1950s it was an "ecosystem" for car manufacturing" - known as motor city * atomobeal boom of the 1920s * the "big three" car companies - gneral motors, ford and chysler

Question 151

how did teh aftrican american population grow in detroit from 1940-50

Answer 151

* doubled from 1940-50 * grew to 300,000/1.8 mil * 1900-50 1%-16%

Question 152

what was the structual economic change taht happened in detroit

Answer 152

* deindustrialisation causing econoic decline

Question 153

who were the players in SEC in detroit/ teh economic decline taht occured

Answer 153

* local TNCs/MNCs/car companies and Foreign TNCs 1. failed to modernise copare to cheaper competitors like toyota, this resulted in amassive decline in sales, especiially during the oil crisis of 1974 2. inventments in automaction and cheaper to relocate that refirbish factories 3. moved to the suburbs to avoid unionised work force + cheaper and much of te white work force had moved out the city anyway after the detroit riots of 1967 ( white flight) * City/ local governwemnt 1. poor investment, e.g in roads out of the city conecting it to the rest of the country 2. enbling white flight and peopel moving to the suburbs - decresed populationa nd work forec and attractign bussiness to move out aswell 3. failer to accomidate black populations and racial police brutality causing white fligth 4. detroit was given minial support by the federal government when TNC's left, additionally with white light and detroiy bussinesses there was no attemp at reopening shops etc * The oil crisis 1. the oil crisi of 1974 menat that petrol prices were insainly hight and people just werent buying cars * peoeple 1. white flight 1960s - 1967 detroit riot

Question 154

what impacts did structual economic chnage have in detroit list

Answer 154

* enviromental * socio economic * demographis * culrure

Question 155

what impacts did structual economic chnage have in detroit

Answer 155

* cultural 1. murder capital of the work 1974 2. emerging ip hop scene in 90s after decline of motown records - big sean, Eminem and Aaliyah * (built and natural) enviromental * 14% houses abandoned * 1/2 stee ligts out - 80,000 * 85,000 blighted structures and vacant lots in Detroi - 2015 gaudian * socio-economic 1.60% 1950-2015 - pov cycle 2. first city to go bankrupt 2013 3. 23% unemployemnt 4. 36% bellow pov line 5. 55% of jobs lost 1950-2015 6. ford river rouge plant 2004 ( 90,000) jobs lost * social 2. 600 people shot dead a year 3. voted the murder capital of teh word in 1974 4. masive social inequallity between white peopel in suburbs av sallery 160,000k, bloom feild hills vs 40k house hold income high park, (one is 90% white vs 90% back) * demographic 1. bloom feild hills is 90% black vs high park in suburbs = 90% white 1. lareg white poluation in the suburbs (white flight) 1. between 1950 an 2015 lost 52% of its pop (1.8 mill to 700,000 in 2015) 2. detroit is now 78% black

Question 156

when did teh river rouge factory close

Answer 156

2004, was teh biggets employing 90,000

Question 157

how many died in the detroit riots

Answer 157

43

Question 158

what are teh two aspecs of rebranding

Answer 158

* reimaging * regeneration

Question 159

why do places rebrand

Answer 159

* to create a new place idenity ( usually afer a tiem of decline) 1. actracting furhter inward investent to further help regerrnate the area and reduce social inequallity

Question 160

what are teh differnt stratergies to rebrand + order

Answer 160

**one can rebrand around** * art * flag ship * architecture * herritage * sport * retail * food

Question 161

give an example of all teh stratergies that can be used in rebranding

Answer 161

**one can rebrand around ** * art * architecture * herritage * sport * retail * food

Question 162

give an exaple of rebranding though sport

Answer 162

* glasgow common wealth games 2014 was used to launch the rebranding scheme peopel make glasgow in late 2013

Question 163

giwv an exaple of rebranding around architctcure and art

Answer 163

* barcelona as a cultual hub rebrande around its architcture with gaudi and its dry stone masonary and tile art

Question 164

give an example of rebranding around herritage

Answer 164

* wapping wharf * tytan crain glasgow

Question 165

exaple of rebranding around retail

Answer 165

* cabot circus bristol * Before the building of Cabot Circus the site contained post-war shopping units * now has anual market potensial o over a billion

Question 166

who are teh palyers in rebranding

Answer 166

* governemts * supernational insituations * corporatiosn * NGO's and community groups

Question 167

explain the differnt palyer's roles in place making

Answer 167

**planers and architecs** * design **(gov) national locl and international** * investment 1. EU and eden project rebranding old china clay pits into a major tourist attraction 2. LDDC- part of uk gov sent 4 bill preparing/ cleanign london dockyards at Canary Wharf **corparations** * they are the secondry investors who usually come along after the govs initual invemtet 1. e.g finacal and legal firms in caneri whaf after govs initual cleaing of the area = an extra 8 billion in rebranding **(NGOs) and local comunity groups** * bear bit bristol - bear bit improvement group * reimaging - billborad for local artist * regenearting - edibel plant planted in area, food stalls * uniquly is self unded * AO2- smaller scale local prodjects but more meaninful * AO2- conflict, comunity wanted to keep it suporting local comunity where as gov wanted to develop it for comuters and bussiness as its in central bristol

Question 168

why some groups contest rebranding + why

Answer 168

* NGOs and local comunity groups often contest government and coperate organisations rebanding as they want to change place idenity which can mean alot to them. * also teh rebranding is often doen to attract tourists and transnational corporatiosn, white washing or gentrifying the area. * for exampel the bear bit in bristol, trying to corpratise and clear homless out * southbank in london with trying to turn the remainder of the southbank skate park into retail. but the long live south bank campein in 2014 headed by southbank comunity cheif paul richards and a numbre of skaters saved the park.

Question 169

why did glasgow need rebranding

Answer 169

* deindustrialiasation (closing the dock yards) 1. in 1980s 20,000 jobs lost a year 2. resulted in social inequallity and deraliction, glasgow got a bad repultation 3. e.g. teh glasgow smile, punching someonw in the mouth with a credit card - relaying to violence and riking culture and then the glasgow effect befor rebranding life expectancy was 68 for men, lowest in th country. 4. the gorbells was know to be one of the ruffest areas i the uk 5the glasgow efefct ( esentully it had alot of deprivation and a poor image )

Question 170

who were the palyers in glasgows rebranding

Answer 170

* local gov * coporatiosn * NGOs and comunity groups * The EU ( supernational government)

Question 171

who where the most significant players in glasgows rebranding in order

Answer 171

l

Question 172

what has been the role of local and national gov in glasgows rebranding

Answer 172

**funding**- funding doent mean it wil automaticlly be a good scheme * glasgow smiles better, 1983, by i heart NYC people, ( play on glasgows miles better than edimbrugh) - ( play on glasgow smile) 2. reimage teh glasgow smile 1. crown street development ( private and public fund began in 1980s but not fihished ( upwards of 200mill ) 2. rebranding arounf herritage + flag ship, restortaion of the tytan crain in the dockyard 3. play on them being better than edumbrough - imaging 1. resonably succeful * 2004, glsgow scoland with style, also quite unsuccesful. 1. lack of backing by regeneration efforts so was mostly unsuccesful 1. only 11.3 million **However** * peopel make glasgow 2013 for glasgow common wealth games in 2014 - 24 million pound housing scheme in the gorballs to build 201 homes, laregst ever in scotland, + fostered mixed comunities 1. crown street development ( private and public fund finnished ( began in 1980s)

Question 173

give an exaple of flag ship rebrnding

Answer 173

restoration The tytan crain, glasgow, 1983, glasgow smiles better- tytan crain

Question 174

how have corparations/ businesses played a roel in rebranding glasgow

Answer 174

* secondry investers after initual gov funding 1. 1000 new shops on the high street since 1980s 2. now secondlargest shooping district out side of london 1. private investors played a role in teh crown rgeration prodjevt in teh gorbells

Question 175

how have NGOS and comunity groups played a roel in rebranding glasgow

Answer 175

* glasgow life 1. given money gov + donations to rebrand, though mainly arts theatre and liturature prodjects 2. AO2- small sacle but secialised to locals 3. AO2- dependent

Question 176

how have the EU/ supernational gov played a roel in rebranding glasgow

Answer 176

* european capital of culture 1990 * incresed tourism Tourists rose from just 700,000 in 1982 to 3m that year * Cop 26 2021 - torism induastry to pre pandemic levels * AO2- not a dirrect change but influned opertunity for change e.g. attacting touism and bussiness

Question 177

what are the startergies taht have been used in glasgows rebranding

Answer 177

* flag ship developments * herritage * retail * sport * regernation 1. mix comunitis 2. 24 hour city

Question 178

give an example of and explain each stratergie used in the rebranding of glasgow

Answer 178

* flag ship developments 1. tytan crain resoration - glasgow smiles better * herritage 1. cretion of celvin grove museum and art gallery 2006 2. attracts 2-3 million turists a year (most significant in scotland) * retail 1. 1/4 of jobs in west scotland are retail 2. 2nd biggest centre of shops in the uk after london * sport 1. hosted teh common wealth agmes 2014 - inspired funding for peopel make glasgow 2. common wealth village and a number of expesive hoouses and flat now * regernation 1. mix comunitis high rise of 1960s failed and last demolished in 2010 mass gov funded and private redevelopemt enforcing mixed comunities 24million pound single housing scheme gov funded 201 himes 80% owned 20% rnted - sense of comunity decresed crime and incresed quality of life and atndard of living 2. 24 hour city night time economy vibrant nigth life along the river- clubs in old wearhouses

Question 179

how significnat was employment loss in glasgow after deindustrialiation

Answer 179

77% and 20,000 a year in 1980s

Question 180

realting to food what was glasgow in need of rebranding

Answer 180

battered mars bars

Question 181

how has rebranding altered peoples persepion of glasgow

Answer 181

* move from industial hub to cutural and retail hub 1. in 2018 was host to 400 events, its home to the scotish national thetre and opra and in 2021 hosted cop 26 2. 1990 european capital of culture

Question 182

wha was the most significant succes of peopel make glasgow

Answer 182

* 55% rduction ins erios criem * foster colectivism and comunuty * combined with common wealth agmes = massive tourism boom (liek in 1991), 282 mill * 975 mill from confernces

Question 183

what have been the major over all success of rebranding in glasgow

Answer 183

* 60,000 jobs since 1998 1/4 inretail * regeneration of the gorballs * 55% decresed serious crimes * 2nd biggest ouside of london * much more possitve idenity, - shift to cultural hub from industial/ posindustrial * finalical secor really taken off, 1/3 now emplyed in this sector * tourism up 700k - 3millafter winnig eurpean capital of culture * won european capital of culture 1990 - imaging

Question 184

limmitations of rebranding in glasgow

Answer 184

* largy dependent of retail, meant it really sufured during covid * there is a foccus on attracting toutists and big bussiness rather than the interests of the locals * only really been foccused in the centre and there is still huge inequallity thougth glasgow, even in the gorbells * glasgow still has loest life expectamy of any city at 74 years for men and 78 women combined although used to be much worse at 70 in the 90s

Question 185

how would you describe the politcial culture lD vs SC

Answer 185

* SC - liberal and left wing * LD - consertive and right wing

Question 186

two riots the peoples republic of SC were influencial in ?

Answer 186

* 2022 dotn pay UK * 2011 tesco riots

Question 187

what are teh human towers in ctaekan called

Answer 187

castells

Question 188

what % of peopel liv bellow teh poverty line upper east side vs the bronx

Answer 188

* UES- 6% * Bronx - 30%

Question 189

whso funded wapping wharf

Answer 189

* bristol city counsil - ( local gov) * private invetors - ( organisation) * European Union development fund - ( international gov )

Question 190

give an exaple of a NYC blog

Answer 190

**Gothamist:** Gothamist is a blog that covers news, culture, and events in NYC. From breaking news to food reviews, Gothamist is a great way to stay up-to-date on what's happening in the city.

Question 191

give an exaple of street art represting place

Answer 191

"The Mild Mild West" street artist Banksy depicts a teddy bear throwing a Molotov cocktail at three riot police officers. It has become one of the most well-known artworks in Stokes Croft.

Question 192

how do local govs effect place idenity

Answer 192

Regulations and Policies: * Local governments can establish regulations and policies that promote placemaking principles, such as walkability, accessibility, and design standards. * For example, they may incentivize developers to include public amenities, encourage public art installations, or require sustainable design features. ( * this determined usage and enviromental quallity * e.g According to a 2022 survey by Sustrans, there are an estimated 14,000 people who cycle in Bath on a regular basis. This represents a significant increase from the 10,000 people who cycled in Bath in 2017. this is due to teh new bike lanes put in by teh counsil

Question 193

how much was how much was teh crown street regernation prodject in teh gorbells who were teh players and whta did it involve when was this

Answer 193

* £120 million. * The project was funded by a combination of public and private money ( corop + national and local gov) * demolition of 1,200 homes and the construction of 1,400 new homes, shops, offices, and public spaces * The Crown Street Regeneration Project was completed in 2019. The project began in 1990 and was originally scheduled to be completed in 2000, but it was delayed due to a number of factors, including the economic downturn of the late 1990s and early 2000s. - limitation ( takes long tiem on big sacle)

Question 194

how many street lighys out in detroit

Answer 194

80,000 ( half)