More category examples

Question 1

Five-spined engraver beetle

Answer 1

• males arrive to tree first and release pheromone to attract females
• use host to create aggregation pheromone
• bacteria (Bacillus cereus) living in gut produce pheromone
• frass: feces, wood dust and pheromone
• a high concentration drives others away

Question 2

Western pine beetle

Answer 2

• female arrives first and emits male attractant
• male emits aggregation pheromone that attracts males and females
• aggregation inhibitors emitted on crowded tree

Question 3

Sea anemone

Answer 3

• Anthopleura elegatissima
• its predator is the shaggy seamouse
• anthopleura produce alarm pheromone when being eaten
• alarm pheromone (anthopleurine) stays within shaggy mouse for 5 days alerting any other anemones it tries to eat

Question 4

Earthworm

Answer 4

• produce alarm pheromone that makes predators spit them out

- garter snakes detect pheromone and eat them (kairomone)

Question 5

Estuarine crab

Answer 5

• carry eggs in mucous encasing
• as mucous breaks down, gives female that signal to break case by flexing abdomen
• leucylarginine

Question 6

Bolas spider

Answer 6

• emit pheromones of moths to attract them and then lasos’s them with sticky blob
• changes which moth’s pheromone depending on the time of night

Question 7

Kairomone beetle

Answer 7

• Temnochila caerulea
• detect pheromone of bark beetles (kairomone)
• feeds on larvae and sometimes adults

Question 8

Asian elephants

Answer 8

• shares female sex pheromone with 140 moth species
• musth is a period of time of high aggression and sexual activity
• frontalin: two enantiomers
• specific ratio of enantiomers depending on age and stage of musth
• when male ready to mate, signaled to others through volatile pheromones from temporal gland
• males give flehman response to females

Question 9

Sea lampreys

Answer 9

• takes years for eggs to hatch
• larval stage (attracts adults to breeding grounds: 5 alpha-cholan PZS and allocholic acid (ACA)
• parasitic stage (attractant: testosterone in urine, petromyzonol sulfate (PZS) gives solubility, 3-keto-PZS attractant
• adult stage (spermeating males: 3-keto-PZS, 3-keto-ACA released from gills to attract females)

Question 10

Red sided garter snake

Answer 10

• female produces unsaturated methyl ketones
• males produce saturated methyl ketones and squalene (makes female uninteresting after mating)
• shemale produces mix and has 65% success rate
• chin rubbing