morbidity and mortality

Question 1

median age

Answer 1

age at which half the population is younger and half the population is older

Question 2

dependency ratio

Answer 2

non-working persons(0-14,65+)/working persons x 100

Question 3

crude birth rate

Answer 3

births/population

Question 4

crude death rate

Answer 4

deaths/population

Question 5

demographic transition stages (I-IV)

Answer 5

I- high CBR, high CDR (pre-industrial)
II- high CBR, declining CDR (less developed countries)
III/IV- low CBR, low CDR (developed countries)

Question 6

population pyramid shapes for rapid growth, slow growth, negative growth

Answer 6

rapid- pointed triangle
slow- broad based triangle
negative growth- inverted triangle

Question 7

which population pyramid type does US fit?

Answer 7

slow growth

Question 8

characterisitics of a country with rapid growth

Answer 8

many in younger cohorts, but few survive to old age

Question 9

characterisitics of a country with slow growth

Answer 9

birth rates approximate death rates

Question 10

characterisitics of a country with negative growth

Answer 10

birth rates are less than death rates

Question 11

count

Answer 11

raw estimate of disease frequency at one point in time, denominator is unknown

Question 12

proportions

Answer 12

numerator is part of denominator, range from 0-1, often expressed as a percentage

Question 13

rate differs from proportion in that it includes-

Answer 13

a unit of time in the denominator

Question 14

3 types of rates

Answer 14

crude, category-specific, characteristic-adjusted

Question 15

crude rate

Answer 15

unadjusted for other factors, includes entire population

Question 16

category-specific

Answer 16

adjusted and denominator only includes people in that category

Question 17

most mortality data in the US is obtained from

Answer 17

death certificates

Question 18

mortality rate

Answer 18

estimation of the portion of the population that dies during a specific period

Question 19

denominator for mortality rate=

Answer 19

persons at risk of dying, estimate using mid-year population

Question 20

disease

Answer 20

physiologic or psychologic dysfunction

Question 21

illness

Answer 21

subjective state- patient feels aware of not being well

Question 22

sickness

Answer 22

social dysfunction assumed by patient when not well

Question 23

morbidity

Answer 23

any departure from physiologic or psychologic well-being

Question 24

incidence

Answer 24

frequency of a new event, requires duration

Question 25

incidence is more important when discussing ___ of disorder

Answer 25

etiology

Question 26

units for incidence

Answer 26

person-time

Question 27

incidence rate

Answer 27

new events in a defined period/population at risk of experiencing event during defined period

Question 28

prevalence

Answer 28

frequency of an existing event

Question 29

prevalence is useful for assessing ___

Answer 29

societal burden

Question 30

a question asking “have you ever had X disease?” is ___ prevalence

Answer 30

period (period = your life)

Question 31

what is standardization?

Answer 31

techniques to remove effects of differences/other confounding variables

Question 32

direct method of standardization

Answer 32

(rate of disease in B x population in A)+…/total population

Question 33

indirect method

Answer 33

uses SMR

Question 34

what is SMR?

Answer 34

standardized mortality ratio- deaths observed in study/expected deaths in study if rate same as standard population

Question 35

proportional mortality ratio

Answer 35

proportion of observed deaths from a specific condition/proportion of deaths expected from that condition in a standard population

Question 36

YPLL

Answer 36

years of potential life lost

Question 37

QALYs

Answer 37

quality-adjusted life years- estimate of remaining life free of impairment, disability or handicap

Question 38

impairment

Answer 38

loss of normal function

Question 39

disability

Answer 39

restrictions stemming from impairment

Question 40

handicap

Answer 40

disadvantages due to disability or impairment

Question 41

DALYs

Answer 41

disability adjusted life years- years of life lost due to premature mortality+years of life lies with disability