intro to epi, study design

Question 1

“distribution” factors (3)

Answer 1

person, place, time

Question 2

“determinant” factors (5)

Answer 2

physical, biological, social, cultural, behavioral

Question 3

primary prevention, task of

Answer 3

preventing disease before it arises (immunization, improved nutrition), task of public health

Question 4

secondary prevention, task of

Answer 4

early detection and prompt intervention, task of preventative medicine

Question 5

tertiary prevention, task of

Answer 5

softening the impact of disease/impairment, task of rehabilitation (composes most of traditional medicine)

Question 6

observational study designs, 2 types

Answer 6

no interventions/only observation

Question 7

descriptive study (3)

Answer 7

describes existing relationships among variables (case reports, ecological studies, cross-sectional studies)

Question 8

analytic study (2)

Answer 8

examines associations, possible casual relationships (cohort, case control)

Question 9

experimental designs (2)

Answer 9

interventions attempted, clinical trials and community trials

Question 10

infectivity

Answer 10

new cases/#susceptible (INS)

Question 11

attack rate

Answer 11

clinically ill/#susceptible (ACS)

Question 12

pathogenicity

Answer 12

developing illness/#exposed (PDE)

Question 13

virulence

Answer 13

overt infection/#total infected (VOT)

Question 14

case-fatality rate

Answer 14

deaths/#total cases

Question 15

susceptible persons are-

Answer 15

not immune

Question 16

evidence of exposure

Answer 16

+IgM

Question 17

endemic

Answer 17

normal prevalence of disease for a given geographic area

Question 18

hyperendemic

Answer 18

persistent high levels of disease in an area

Question 19

sporadic

Answer 19

irregular/infrequent occurrence of disease

Question 20

epidemic

Answer 20

unusual increase in cases above what is expected

Question 21

outbreak

Answer 21

localized epidemic

Question 22

cluster

Answer 22

aggregates of cases per place and time

Question 23

pandemic

Answer 23

epidemic spread over countries/continents

Question 24

incubation period

Answer 24

time between invasion and first symptoms

Question 25

latent period

Answer 25

time between exposure and first symptoms

Question 26

quarantine

Answer 26

separation of people who may have been exposed but are not symptomatic (well people)

Question 27

isolation

Answer 27

separation for the period of communicability, for patients showing symptoms (sick people)

Question 28

horizontal transmission

Answer 28

spread person to person via intimate contact

Question 29

vertical transmission

Answer 29

spread mother to infant during childbirth or perinatal period

Question 30

primary case

Answer 30

person who introduces disease into the group (not nec first diagnosed)

Question 31

secondary case

Answer 31

person who develops disease from primary case

Question 32

passive surveillance

Answer 32

relies on providers reporting to health department

Question 33

active surveillance

Answer 33

providers are contacted by the health department on a regular basis for the collection of information