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ETHICS > MORAL VALUE OF HUMAN ACTS > Flashcards

MORAL VALUE OF HUMAN ACTS Flashcards

1
Q
  • Involuntary acts
  • spontaneous biological and
    sensual processes
A

ACTS OF MAN

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2
Q
  • performed by a person who has full knowledge through free will
A

HUMAN ACTS

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3
Q

done with ___, _______, and _______

A

knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness

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4
Q

Elements of Human Act

A
  1. KNOWLEDGE of the ACT
  2. FREEDOM in DOING the ACT
  3. VOLUNTARINESS OR FREE WILL in DOING the ACT
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5
Q

the person is conscious and aware of the
(1) _______ and the
(2) _________ of his/her actions.

A

reason
consequences

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6
Q

the person is conscious and aware of the
(1) reason and the
(2) consequences of his/her actions.

A
  1. KNOWLEDGE of the ACT
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7
Q

Knowledge ______one to be mindful of his or her actions.

A

directs

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8
Q

The person acts by his/ her own choice and initiative.

A
  1. FREEDOM in DOING the ACT
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9
Q
  • A person was not influenced by another person or any situation to perform his/her action.
A
  1. FREEDOM in DOING the ACT
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10
Q

_______ OR FREE WILL in DOING the ACT

A

VOLUNTARINESS

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11
Q

Freedom and Responsibility

Every act directly willed is _____ to its author.*

A

IMPUTABLE

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12
Q

*The moral responsibility for one’s human actions.
* A person’s accountability for his or her deliberate actions.

A

IMPUTABILITY

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13
Q
  1. VOLUNTARINESS OR FREE WILL in DOING the ACT

the person:

A
  1. consents or agrees to the act,
  2. accepting it as his/her own, and
  3. assumes accountability for the result
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14
Q
  • the “deservingness’ of blame or praise
  • natural product of our rationality
A

ACCOUNTABILITY

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15
Q

distinguishes right and wrong action

A

reason

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16
Q

one to choose which action to perform

A

free will or freedom

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17
Q
  1. Causation: being the cause of something.
  2. Duty
  3. Obligation or having certain duties or obligations towards other people
A

RESPONSIBILITY

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18
Q

directed to what will or may happen;

A

prospective

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19
Q

directed to what had happened already

A

retrospective

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20
Q

Moral vs Legal Accountability

on deserving blame or praise:

A
  • Moral standards (moral rules or principles)
  • legal standards (laws/statutes)
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21
Q

Moral vs Legal Accountability

on sanction/ penalties for wrongdoers:

A

legal sanctions
moral: internal

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22
Q

criminal offenses - external -physical
punishments

A

legal sanctions

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23
Q

mental suffering like guilt/remorse, shame, self- hatred, low self-esteem, etc.

A

moral: internal

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24
Q

2 Conditions for Moral Accountability

A
  1. Attribution conditions
  2. Degree conditions
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25
Q

for they determine whether moral accountability can be attributed or assigned to a person for an action that
he/she has done.

A

Attribution conditions:

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26
Q

would make one morally accountable for the action under consideration

A

incriminating conditions

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27
Q

would spare one from moral accountability for the action under consideration.

A

excusing condition

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28
Q

a person is only accountable for
actions in which he/she is the cause.

A

agency condition:

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29
Q

a person knows or has the capacity to know the moral quality (goodness or badness) of his/her action

A

knowledge condition

30
Q

a person intends or freely chooses to perform an action he/she is doing.

A

intentionality condition

31
Q

for they determine the degree of one’s moral accountability. It could be

A

Degree conditions

32
Q

when they lessen the degree of one’s moral accountability

A

mitigating conditions

33
Q

when they increase the degree of one’s moral accountability

A

aggravating condition

34
Q

A PERSON IS ACCOUNTABLE FOR AN ACTION IF AND ONLY HE/SHE :

A
  • is the AGENT of the action;
  • knows or has the capacity to know that
    the action is good or bad; and
  • intentionally performs the action
35
Q

circumstances surrounding the act that determine the degree of one’s moral accountability to an act.

A

Degree Conditions

36
Q

degree of knowledge

more knowledgeable >

A

the greater the moral
accountability

37
Q

degree of knowledge

less knowledgable <

A

the lesser the moral accountability

38
Q

the difficulty in life that forces one to perform a wrong doing ____________

A

degree of pressure

39
Q

degree of pressure

the greater the pressure <

A

lesser the moral
accountability

40
Q

degree of pressure

the lesser the pressure >

A

the greater the moral accountability

41
Q

the seriousness of the injury caused by the wrongdoing

A

degree of intensity

42
Q

degree of intensity

the greater the intensity of the injury >

A

the greater the moral accountability

43
Q

degree of intensity

the lesser the intensity of the injury <

A

the lesser the moral accountability

44
Q

the participation in a group or collective act of wrongdoing

A

degree of involvement

45
Q

degree of involvement

the greater the involvement >

A

the greater the moral accountability

46
Q

degree of involvement

the lesser the involvement <

A

the lesser the moral accountability

47
Q

actions that are in conformity or agreement with the norms of morality

48
Q

actions that are not in conformity to or in disagreement with the norms of morality

49
Q
  • actions that stand neutral or indifferent
    with the norms of morality (neither
    good nor bad actions)
  • Action becomes good or bad depending
    on its intention and/or circumstances.
50
Q

determine how an act is rendered good or bad, moral or immoral in relation to the norms of morality

A

THE DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY

51
Q

THE DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY

1.Object (_____)
2. Intention (________)
3. Circumstances

A

1.Act itself
2.Intention

52
Q

moral object of the act (______)

A

WHAT WE DO

53
Q
  • Also known as “actin-itself”;
  • the action that the person did.
  • the primary source for the judgment on the morality of the act.
A

moral object of the act (WHAT WE DO)

54
Q
  • refers to the GOAL which the agent aims to achieve
  • This is usually called the subjective element of a moral act because the intention for doing the act lies within us.
55
Q

are conditions outside the act that influence or affect that act by increasing or lessening its voluntariness or freedom, and, thus, affecting the morality of the act.

A

CIRCUMSTANCES

56
Q

refer to factors that influence the person to perform a moral action.

A

Impediments

57
Q

This is when the actions are done underthe circumstances where ignorance,passion, fear, violence, and habit are present.

A

Impediments

58
Q

These are the factors that diminish one’s responsibility and impair the element of voluntariness of human act.

A

Impediments

59
Q

Knowledge of a moral
situation is impaired by:

A
  • Ignorance,
  • Error, and by
  • Inattention.
60
Q

the lack or absence of knowledge needed by a person in doing an act.

61
Q

*the person is not aware, and which
* he/she is unable to overcome by him/herself unless someone will tell him/her about the truth.

A

Invincible ignorance

62
Q
  • The person has the chance to know the norm/truth BUT did not avail the opportunities offered, to correct his/her lack of knowledge.
A

Vincible ignorance

63
Q

the moral truths is very widespread in mass-media
culture - the “fraud of the masses”

64
Q

may be the result of drunkenness, of violent emotion, sleepiness or absent-mindedness.

A

Inattention

65
Q

Full consent to a particular moral act isimpaired by passion, by fear, by force or by ingrained habit.

A

Impediments to full FREEDOM AND CONSENT

66
Q

is an intense emotion which urges ones feeling, enthusiasm, or desire for something.

A

Passion or Concupiscence

67
Q

the shrinking back of
the person from an
impending evil.

68
Q

the ability to recognize danger by either confronting it or withdrawing from it (also known as the fight or flight response).

69
Q

a very pervasive form of fear, operating through the instinct for acceptance, esteem, safety, competitiveness.

A

Social pressure

70
Q

where violence is employed to constrain a person to act in a certain way.

71
Q
  • a firm routine of behavior that is done regularly.
  • Anything you do automatically without consciously thinking about it, or without specifically deciding to do it, is a ___________.

ETHICS (3 decks)

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