Moral Development

Question 1

What is morality?

Answer 1

set of principles or ideals that help the individual

Question 2

Morality consists what of 3 things?

Answer 2

to distinguish right from wrong
to act on this distinction
to feel pride in virtuous conduct and guilt or shame over acts that violate one’s standards.

Question 3

What are the 3 components of morality?

Answer 3

Moral affect: an affective, or emotional
Moral Reasoning: a cognitive component
Moral Behaviour: a behavioral component reflecting how we actually behave following moral principles.

Question 4

What is the most crucial milestone to moral maturity?

Answer 4

Internalization, is a shift from externally controlled actions to conduct that is governed by internal standards and principles.

Question 5

Psychoanalytic theory related to moral development (Freud’s perspective)

Answer 5

3 components of personality: irrational id, rational ego, and moralistic superego

Question 6

What happens when the superego is developed?

Answer 6

the phallic stage (age3-6) when children are experiencing an emotional conflict with the same-sex parent due to their desire for the other-sex parent.

Question 7

What is the cognitive-development theory in relation to morality?

Answer 7

the reasoning behind a behavior is critical for determining whether a given behavior is moral or immoral.

Question 8

What is piagets theory of moral development?

Answer 8

involved observing children’s games and asking moral decision stories in open-ended interviews by presenting them stories involving children’s moral behavior and make moral judgment

Question 9

What are the stages of piagets stage theory?(rules)

Answer 9

Stage 1: Morality of Constraint (< 7 years) - Children in this stage see rules as unchangeable
Stage 2: The Transitional Period (7 or 8 - 10 years)- children gradually learn that rules can be constructed by the group
Stage 3: Autonomous Morality (Moral Relativism) (> = 11 or 12 years) - rules are arbitrary agreements and can be challenged

Question 10

What are the pros and cons of piagets theory?

Answer 10

Pros:
has empirical support (e.g., increasing value on motives; role of cognitive development)

Cons:
Little evidence that peer interaction stimulates moral development (

Question 11

What is kohlbergs moral theory?

Answer 11

He was not interested in the actual decision, but focused on the underlying rationale “thought structure”, used to justify the decision

Question 12

What was the Heinz dilemma problem?

Answer 12

Heinz’s wife is near death from a disease which the doctor said might be cured by a newly discovered drug. The druggist who discovered the drug charged $2,000 for the drug. Heinz tried every effort but can only scrap up $1,000. He begged the druggist to sell him the drig for $1,000 and let him pay the rest later. However, the druggist refused. Heinz desperately broke into the drug store and stole the drug. Should Heinz have done that? Why and why not?

Question 13

What are Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

?

Answer 13

Preconventional:Moral reasoning is self-centered
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience
Stage 2: Naive Hedonism

Conventional: Moral reasoning is centered on others or social relationships
Stage 3: “Good boy/girl”
Stage 4: Law and Order

Postconventional: Moral reasoning is involved with ideals, focusing on moral principle
Stage 5: Social Contract
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles

Question 14

What are the 2 stages in the preconventional stage (level 1?

Answer 14

Stage 1. punishment-and-obedience orientation. Right behavior is to obey authority to avoid punishment
Stage 2. Naïve hedonism. Conforms to rules in order to gain rewards or satisfy personal objectives

Question 15

What are the 2 stages in the Conventional stage (level 2) ?

Answer 15

Stage 3. “good boy” and “good girl” orientation. Value intention more than consequence, fulfilling or meeting social expectations from others.
Stage 4. social-order-maintaining morality. Right behavior is to maintain a social order, fulfilling duties, upholding laws

Question 16

What are the 2 stages in the Postconventional stage (level 3) ?

Answer 16

Stage 5. the social contract orientation. right behavior involves upholding rules that are in the best interest of the group.
Stage 6. Based on ethical principles of his or her own conscience. They are abstract moral principles of universal justice.

Question 17

What are the pros and cons of Kholberg’s Theory.

Answer 17

Pros:
Kohlberg believed that both cognitive development and relevant social experiences underlie the growth of moral reasoning

Cons:
His method has been criticized as reflecting a biased, intellectualized Western conception of morality that is not applicable to non-Western cultures

Question 18

What does morality theory mean in relation to the social learning perspective? (The Behavioural Component)

Answer 18

focuses on moral behaviors, what we actually do when faced with temptation.

The forbidden toy task

Question 19

What is the forbidden toy task?

Answer 19

playing forbidden toys will receive unpleasant experience as a punishment like a buzzer noise)

discovered that firm, immediate punishments consistently implemented by a warm disciplinarian are most effective

Question 20

What is aggression ?

Answer 20

behavior performed with the intention of harming a living being who is motivated to avoid this treatment

Question 21

What are the 2 categories of aggression?

Answer 21

hostile aggression: a goal to harm or injure a victim
instrumental aggression: main goal is not to harm, harming others is a mean to gain access to objects, space, or privileges

Question 22

What does aggression looking like during the development in a child?

Answer 22

Emerges at around 18 month

In elementary school years,
physical aggression declines but is replaced by verbal or relational aggression
Aggression is most likely hostile.

In adolescence,
the frequency of overt aggression decreases, but serious acts of violence increase remarkably.

Question 23

In which sex is violence more prevalent in?

Answer 23

Males

Question 24

What are the 2 types of aggressors?

Answer 24

proactive and reactive

Question 25

What are the Individual Differences in Aggression? (Proactive vs. Reactive)

Answer 25

(Proactive aggressors) ——— (reactive aggressors)
Unemotional ——— Emotionally driven
Use aggression to solve problems ——— Hostile, retaliatory aggression
Believe aggression will “pay off” ———Suspicious of others
Instrumental strategy ———Others describe harsh treatment

Question 26

Based on The social information processing theory of aggression model, a child’s response to working on a puzzle and another child nudges the table which cause the puzzle pieces to scatter will depend on the outcome of what 6 cognitive steps?

Answer 26

Encodes
interprets the available social cues (did he mean it or was it just an accident?)
formulates a goal (to resolve the situation)
Generates
evaluates possible strategies for achieving this goal, and finally
selects and enacts a response.

Question 27

What do reactive aggressors tend to over attribute?

Answer 27

They over attribute the hostile intent of peers. Referring to the puzzle situation they would think the peer meant to push the puzzle

search for cues compatible with this expectancy
attribute hostile intent
become very angry and quickly retaliate

Question 28

What are the 2 types of victims?

Answer 28

1 passive victims(most) socially withdrawn, physically weak, and reluctant to fight back, and appear to do little to invite the hostility
2 provocative victims (small number) oppositional, restless, and hot-tempered

Question 29

What are the origins of aggression?

Answer 29

Biological factor
Family and parent influence
Peer influence

Question 30

What is a coercive home environment?

Answer 30

family members often annoy one another and use aggressive or otherwise antisocial tactics as a method of coping with these aversive experiences.

Question 31

How to control aggressive behaviour?

Answer 31

1. creating nonaggressive environments.

2. eliminating the payoffs for aggression