Family And Peers

Question 1

What is the child in the context : Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model

Answer 1

Microsystem Involves the child and the immediate environment (e.g., family, day care, preschool) marked by Micro-relations between the child and the environment that directly interacts with the child;

Mesosystem, it involves connections among the child’s immediate settings (e.g., schools, peer groups, teacher-parent interactions etc.

Ecosystem Refers to contexts that children are not a part of, but which may nevertheless influence their development (e.g., Parent’s work schedule will influence child’s day care options, school board policies will affect the teacher-child dynamics);

Macrosystem refers to cultural, subcultural, or social class context in which all systems are imbedded (e.g., laws, social class context

Chronosystem involves changes in person or environment over time. E.g., negative effects of divorce on children often peak in the first year and then gradually stabilize afterwards (Hetherington, 1993)

Question 2

What is a family?

Answer 2

institute in which children spend most of their time

Question 3

What are the 4 types of family structure?

Answer 3

nuclear families(i.e., family unit consisting of a wife/mother, husband/father, and their child/children) 
extended families (i.e., a household in which parents and children are living with other blood relatives, e.g., grandparents, aunts, uncles, nieces, and nephews). 
Single parent families: only one parent (mother or father) and child/children. 
Blended family describes families with mixed parents: one or both parents remarried, bringing children of the former family into the new family.

Question 4

What are the different family dynamics?

Answer 4

1. Indirect and direct. Direct ; influence between 2 family members, indirect: third-party effect, the interactions between any two family members are likely to be influenced by the attitudes and behaviors of a third family member
2. Social support. Extended-family
3. Development perspective. Dynamics change as children get older
4. Biological, family members contribute to parent-child interaction.

Question 5

What are the 2 dimensions of parenting?

Answer 5

1. EMOTIONAL SUPPORT (LOVE)

2. BEHAVIOR CONTROL: parental demandingness

Question 6

What are the parenting styles?

Answer 6

Authoritative: high control + high love, Reasonable demands; consistently enforced; with sensitivity to and acceptance of the child
Authoritarian: high control + low love, Many rules and demands; few explanations and little sensitivity to the child’s needs and perspectives
Permissive: low control + High love, Few rules and demands, children are allowed much freedom by indulgent parents
Uninvolved: low control + low love, Few rules and demands; parents are uninvolved and insensitive to their children’s needs

Question 7

what does the types of parenting do to the development of the child?

Answer 7

Authoritarian parents: The children will perform moderately well in school and usually don’t exhibit problem behaviors. But have poor-social skills+low-self esteem
Authoritative parents: The children achieve the best. High social skills + high self-esteem
Permissive parents: Their children tend to be impulsive, lacking in self-control, and low in school achievement. High self esteem+low levels of depression
Uninvolved:This is proved the least successful parenting style. Display behaviour disorders

Question 8

How does parenting styles vary across cultures?

Answer 8

African-American adolescents at all economic levels, an aspect of authoritarian control was associated with positive outcomes

Authoritarian child-rearing practices seem to be associated with less negative consequences in Chinese and first generation Chinese-American families than in Euro-American families.

Question 9

What kind of benefits do siblings have?

Answer 9

provide caretaking services (older sibling takes care of the younger)
provide emotional support
teach new skills -the younger siblings often admires and follow the older one,
Sibling Interactions Can lead to better communication and perspective-taking skills

Question 10

What is sibling rivalry?

Answer 10

spirit of competition, jealousy, and resentment between siblings-normal;

Question 11

Who is a peer?

Answer 11

Peers are people who are social equals

Question 12

How important are peers? (Monkey study)

Answer 12

For the first 8 months of their life, “mother-only monkeys” were raised with their mothers only and deprived any peer contact. Tend to be aggressive when around other age-mates

“peer-only” monkeys were separated from their mothers and raised only with peers. They formed strong mutual attachments. Aggressive to outsiders

both parents and peers are important in child’s normal social development

Question 13

Is there rise in serious psychological distress in Gen Z?

Answer 13

Yes! A 2018 American College Health Association Survey Of more than 26,000 college students found that approximately 40-60% reported significant episodes of anxiety or depression during the year—an increase of about 10% from the same survey conducted in 2013

Question 14

How do friendships change as you get older?

Answer 14

12-to 18-month-olds seem to select and prefer some children over others to imitate and have fun.

6-8 yrs), friends were viewed based on actual activities and rewards over costs.

adolescence, children increasingly experience and define their friendships in terms of mutual liking and loyalty.

Question 15

What is sociability?

Answer 15

Willingness to interact with others and seek their attention/approval.

Question 16

How does sociability develop?

Answer 16

Little interaction at first; 12-18m: react more appropriately but treat peers as responsive “toys”;

18m: start clearly social coordinated and reciprocal interactions; they now take great delight in imitating each other;

20-24 months, toddlers’ play shows a strong verbal component. They started to take on complementary roles (e.g., chaser vs. chaser in a game of tag).

Question 17

What are the six different play activities?

Answer 17

Unoccupied play; not playing at all, no interaction
Nonsocial Activity (solitary play): children watch others play but engage in their own play and largely ignore what others are doing. 
Onlooker play: children linger around other children, watching them play but make no try to influence their behavior. 
Parallel Play: play side by side but interact very little, no attempt to influence one another.
Associative Play: pursue their own agendas and do not cooperate, but they swap/exchange toys or comments on one another's activities. They usually talk to each other
Cooperative Play: true social play in which children cooperate or assume reciprocal roles while pursuing shared goals

Question 18

Why is pretend play important for preschoolers?

Answer 18

1. enhances effective communication skills;
   2 helps children learn to compromise in negotiation of the roles; and
2. facilitates emotional development (expression and understanding).

Question 19

What is peer acceptance?

Answer 19

the extent to which a child is viewed by peers as a worthy or lovable companion

Question 20

What is a typical procedure to asses peer acceptance?

Answer 20

Based on the rating, calculate sociometric status, the degree to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group.

Question 21

What are the categories peers can be classified into?

Answer 21

1. Popular: liked by many and disliked by few;
2. Rejected: liked by few and disliked by many; aggressive-rejected children
3. Neglected: few nominations; simply not noticed by their peers.
4. Controversial: liked by many and disliked by many others.

Question 22

What Contributes to Peer Acceptance?

Answer 22

1. Parenting style: children of warm, sensitive, and authoritative parents are likely to be liked by peers;
2. Temperament. Difficult children are likely to be rejected, and slow-to-warm-up children are likely to be neglected, easy children are mostly likely to be liked by most peers.
3. Cognitive skills. Popular children tend to have good role taking skills. Rejected children have poor academic performance and lower IQ.
4. Facial attractiveness
5. Behaviour. Popular children are relatively calm, cooperative, outgoing, friendly, and compassionate.

Question 23

What do you need to be, to be popular?

Answer 23

a warm and sensitive parent, a pleasant temperament, an attractive face and academic or social skills