Emotional Development

Question 1

what type of responses are connected to your emotions?

Answer 1

Neural responses
- Physiological factors; (e.g., heart rate, breathing rate, and hormone levels)
Subjective feelings
- Emotional expressions
- The desire to take action; ​​(e.g., escape, approach, or change environment)

Question 2

provide an example the steps of emotions when you lose something important.

Answer 2

imagine that your favourite pet kitten goes missing, your brain might go blank (neural), you feel a sense of distress (sadness) and irritation (feeling), you physically experience short of breathing, tight chest, and you burst into tears (expression), and you feel like to ran out to find it (action).

Question 3

How do researchers agree how babies communicate?

Answer 3

Facial expressions

Question 4

Are emotional responses automatic?

Answer 4

Yes, they are not based on cognition

Question 5

Which emotions are more distinctive than others?

Answer 5

Positive emotions (interest, joy) are more distinctive than negative emotions (fear, anger)

Question 6

Which 2 emotions appear at different times over the first two years after birth?

Answer 6

Primary/basic emotions are a set of emotions present at birth or early in the first year
Secondary/Complex emotions are self-conscious or self-evaluative emotions that emerge in the second year.

Question 7

What are the primary emotions?

Answer 7

There are six basic emotions: happiness, fear, anger, sadness, surprise, and disgust.

Question 8

What are the secondary emotions?

Answer 8

embarrassment, shame, guilt, envy, and pride

Question 9

What is the first clear sign of happiness in infants?

Answer 9

Smiling

Question 10

As infants get older how do their meanings of smiles evolve?

Answer 10

Newborns smile during REM sleep, smiles are non-social, biological state

3 month old infants show social smiles toward others

7 month old infants smile primarily at familiar people (mother), distress to strangers

Question 11

What emotion do babies express at the age of 2-6 months

Answer 11

express surprise and joy when they realize the control they have over some objects

Question 12

What emotion do infants express at 2-4 months

Answer 12

Anger

Question 13

What emotions do infants express at 4-6 months?

Answer 13

Sadness

Question 14

What happens during the 2nd yr of life with children’s emotions?

Answer 14

children start to clown around and are delighted when they can make other people laugh.
School-age children value peer acceptance and achieving goals which become important sources of happiness and pride.

Question 15

What is the 1st negative emotion seen in children?

Answer 15

generalized distress (can be evoked by a variety of experiences ranging from hunger and pain to overstimulation)

Question 16

By 2 months of age facial expressions of a anger and sadness can be differentiated. How can they still be complicated to interpret?

Answer 16

1) the facial expressions are not distinctive for negative emotions in early years;
2) in addition, infants sometimes display negative emotions that seem incongruent with the situation they are experiencing.

Question 17

When is differentiating between anger and other negative emotions easier in infants?

Answer 17

By the 2 yr of life

Question 18

When are their clear signs of fear in an infant?

Answer 18

6 or 7 months

Question 19

What 2 factors cause fear?

Answer 19

1) The fear of strangers intensifies and lasts until about age 2 but is quite variable across individuals and contexts.
2) Separation anxiety refers to feelings of distress that children, especially infants and toddlers, experience when they are separated, or expect to be separated, from individuals to whom they are attached.

Question 20

What kind of fears do preschoolers engage in vs. school-age children?

Answer 20

Preschoolers can represent imaginary phenomena and are prone to magical thinking and thus commonly fear imaginary creatures such as ghosts and monsters
For school-age children, most anxieties and fears are linked to real-life issues such as grades, health and personal harm

Question 21

Culturally, who shows more anxiety?

Answer 21

infants in collective culture (e.g, Chinese)generally show more anxiety than those in western culture (e.g., euro-American) the developmental trajectory tends to be parallel across cultures.

Question 22

What are self-conscious emotions?

Answer 22

shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, pride, in 2yr of life

Question 23

How does embarrassment tie to cognitive development?

Answer 23

e.g., embarrassment emerges after passing the Mirror recognition test(i.e., “dot on the nose test”) when infants rub their own nose when they see a red dot on their nose in a mirror, suggesting they recognize the mirror reflection as the self.

Question 24

Is guilt and shame associated with other?

Answer 24

Guilt is associated with empathy for others and involves feelings of remorse and regret and the desire to make amends.
Shame does not seem to be related to concern about others, self-focused

Question 25

What is the first step in the development of emotional knowledge?

Answer 25

The recognition of different emotions in others

Question 26

When can infants distinguish certain emotional exppressions?

Answer 26

By 4-7 months, such as happiness and suprise

Question 27

How do infants demonstrate social referencing?

Answer 27

At 8 to 12 months, children demonstrate social referencing, the use of a parent’s facial, gestural, or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations.

Question 28

By what age can infants label a narrow range of emotional expression?

Answer 28

3 years old. Best at labeling happiness, with the ability to distinguish among different negative emotions gradually appearing at a later stage. Most children cannot label more complex emotions until early-to mid-elementary school

Question 29

Results in a study about child being told stories and they were asked how the main character felt by choosing from an array of faces depicting different emotions.

Answer 29

2-year-olds can identify happy situations in stories, but children are not accurate in identifying negative emotions (e.g., sad situations) until age 4.
4-6 yr: children can give accurate explanations for why their peers expressed negative emotional in their preschool.
By age 10, children begin to understand emotional ambivalence, realize that people can have mixed feelings (positive and negative) simultaneously

Question 30

When can children understand the difference between real and false emotions?

Answer 30

Ages 3-5

Question 31

Study used to understand real and false emotions results
used short stories such as “Michelle is sleeping over at cousin Johnny’s house but she forgot her teddy bear. She is feeling sad inside but she doesn’t want to show it because he will call her a baby”. Then they were presented with illustrations of various emotional expressions and to “show me the picture for how Michelle really feels” or “show me the picture for how Michelle will try to look on her face.”

Answer 31

3-to 4-years-olds were about 50% correct.

5-year-olds were about 80% correct.

Question 32

What are emotional display rules?

Answer 32

specify the circumstances under which various emotions should or should not be expressed.

Question 33

What is emotional self-regulation?

Answer 33

the process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating internal feeling states and related physiological processes, cognitions, and behaviors in the service of accomplishing one’s goals.

Question 34

Example of self-regulation when recycling a gift your don’t like.

Answer 34

When you receive a gift that you dislike, you either avoid showing disappointment (Suppression), or instead you show how pleased you are to receive this gift (Replacement).

Question 35

What is self-soothing?

Answer 35

self-initiated behaviors to reduce negative emotional experience
(e.g., rubbing or hugging their own body);

Question 36

What are the 3 age-related patterns in emotional regulation?

Answer 36

1. the transition from infants’ relying almost totally on other people to help them regulate their emotions to their increasing ability to self-regulate during early childhood
2. use of cognitive strategies to control negative emotions
3. children’s gain capacity to distinguish between stressors that can be controlled and those that cannot be, as well as choosing the most effective strategies to cope.

Question 37

What is emotional intelligence? (EQ)

Answer 37

the ability to understand and regulate their own and other’s emotions, including a set of abilities that contribute to social functioning: Being able to motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustration

Question 38

What is a good predictor for future success?

Answer 38

EQ not IQ.

Question 39

What is Delay of Gratifaction?

Answer 39

Resisting an impulse to take an immediately available reward in the hope of obtaining a more-valued reward in the future.

Question 40

what does the ability to delay gratification predict?

Answer 40

essential to self-regulation, or self-control. It predicts socio-emotional and academic competence in adulthood.

Question 41

What is temperament?

Answer 41

Genetically based individual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention that are exhibited across contexts.

Question 42

What are the types of temperament?

Answer 42

Easy babies (40%):Adjusted readily to new experiences, quickly established routines, and generally were cheerful in mood and easy to calm; 
Difficult babies (10%):Were slow to adjust to new experiences, likely to react negatively and intensely to stimuli and events, and irregular in their bodily functions; 
Slow-to-warm-up babies (15%): Were somewhat difficult at first but became easier over time.

Question 43

What is the goodness-of-fit model?

Answer 43

Development is likely to be optimized when parents’ child-rearing practices are sensitively adapted to the child’s temperamental characteristics