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computer science > Moral and ethical issues > Flashcards

Moral and ethical issues Flashcards

1
Q

What do the terms moral, social, ethical, and cultural refer to in the context of digital technology?

A
  • Moral relates to behaviour that is right or wrong.
  • Social relates to society and its organisation.
  • Ethical relates to moral principles that govern an individual’s behaviour.
  • Cultural relates to the ideas, customs and social behaviour of a society.
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2
Q

How has computer technology changed the skill set required in the modern workforce?

A

Factories now require technicians to maintain welding robots instead of human welders.

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3
Q

What impact has online shopping had on the job market?

A

Fewer traditional high street shops and ‘in-person’ roles.

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4
Q

What monitoring capabilities do computers provide in the workplace?

A

Computers can assess productivity, work patterns, work quality, social media activity, etc.

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5
Q

What is the purpose of automated decision-making systems?

A

To analyse data and reach conclusions about what action to take.

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: Automated decision-making systems use _______ to reach a decision.

A

[complex algorithms]

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7
Q

List three applications of automated decision-making.

A
  • Electrical power distribution
  • Emergency services
  • Stock market trading
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8
Q

Define artificial intelligence (AI).

A

An area within computer science that devises software that behaves as if it were intelligent.

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9
Q

What is machine learning?

A

A subset of AI that uses algorithms and statistical models to analyze data and adapt without explicit instructions.

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10
Q

List two examples of AI applications.

A
  • Spotting fraudulent activity
  • Medical diagnosis
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11
Q

What is the Turing test?

A

A test for intelligence in a computer, requiring that a human cannot distinguish a machine from a human based on replies.

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12
Q

What are the main components of an expert system?

A
  • Knowledge base
  • Inference engine
  • User interface
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13
Q

What is an artificial neural network?

A

A series of algorithms that tries to recognise underlying patterns and relationships within a set of data.

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14
Q

True or False: AI can match or better a human’s ability to spot patterns while processing data.

A

True

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15
Q

What are some environmental impacts of computer technology?

A

Manufacturing, running, and disposing of computer systems and hardware.

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16
Q

List two toxic materials commonly found in computers.

A
  • PVC
  • Mercury
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17
Q

What is internet censorship?

A

The deliberate suppression of what can be accessed or published on the internet.

18
Q

List three reasons governments might impose internet censorship.

A
  • To limit access to socially unacceptable material
  • To limit access to politically unacceptable material
  • To limit access to dangerous information
19
Q

What is one challenge of internet censorship?

A

Total control of information is difficult to apply unless there is a single central censor.

20
Q

What are some reasons for monitoring behavior with computer technology?

A
  • To monitor workforce activities
  • To monitor criminal activity
  • To monitor transport flow
21
Q

Fill in the blank: The environmental impact of technology includes issues related to _______ waste.

A

[hazardous]

22
Q

What environmental benefits can arise from computer technology?

A
  • Smart home devices for energy control
  • Computer-controlled car engine management for fuel efficiency
23
Q

What is monitoring in the workplace?

A

Tracking performance, internet activity, and breaks taken by employees

Monitoring can include various methods such as task completion times and internet use.

24
Q

What is one use of tagging devices in monitoring?

A

To ensure known criminals remain within prescribed areas

Tagging devices help enforce restrictions on individuals who are banned from certain locations.

25
Q

What role do social media activities play in monitoring?

A

They can be monitored by employers and the press, and once posted, are difficult to remove

This data can be accessed long after the original post.

26
Q

What is end-to-end encryption?

A

A method where only the sender and receiver can access messages

This complicates monitoring communications by authorities.

27
Q

What does data mining involve?

A

Automated processes that search for patterns in large data sets

It is used in various fields including crime prevention and business analysis.

28
Q

What does the Data Protection Act do?

A

Provides legislation on sharing data between organizations

It aims to protect individuals’ data privacy.

29
Q

What obligations does GDPR impose on organizations?

A

Organizations must be clear about what data they collect and why

This legislation enhances individual data rights.

30
Q

List three ways computers may monitor the workforce.

A
  • Performance tracking
  • Internet activity monitoring
  • Break duration logging
31
Q

What is piracy in the context of copyright?

A

Unauthorized reproduction of copyrighted material

This is illegal under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act.

32
Q

What are two consequences of accessing pirated software?

A
  • Software may not work correctly
  • Risk of malware infection
33
Q

What is cyberbullying?

A

Any form of bullying that takes place online

This includes aggressive behavior via social media.

34
Q

What does the Communications Act 2003 criminalize?

A

Sending indecent or offensive communications

This includes online threats and harassment.

35
Q

What layout pattern do viewers typically use for text-based websites?

A

E pattern

Viewers scan down the left side and the first few words of paragraphs.

36
Q

What layout pattern do viewers typically use for graphics-based websites?

A

Z pattern

This involves scanning across the top, diagonally down, and across the bottom.

37
Q

What is ASCII?

A

A character set providing 128 basic characters

It was initially used for electronic communication.

38
Q

What does Unicode do?

A

Represents over 1.1 million characters

It allows for communication in multiple languages and symbols.

39
Q

What are colour paradigms?

A

Established ideas about the messages different colours convey

Cultural differences can affect the interpretation of colours.

40
Q

What is one requirement of the Equality Act 2010 regarding website design?

A

Websites must be accessible and easy to navigate for all users

This includes providing support for individuals with disabilities.

41
Q

What strategies can be used to support users with visual impairments?

A
  • Alternative text for images
  • Screen magnification
  • High contrast between text and background
42
Q

Fill in the blank: Digital rights management uses _______ to restrict access to content.

A

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computer science (19 decks)

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