Mood Disorders Flashcards
What is the DSM-5 criteria for depressive episode?
Occurrence of 2 weeks or more of a depressed mood AND the presence of 4 out of 8 of the following:
Sleep alterations, appetite alterations, diminished interest or anhedonia, low energy, decreased concentrations, guilt, psychomotor changes, suicidal thoughts
Diagnosis of a current major depressive episode if no manic or hypo manic episodes in the past identified then what is the likely next diagnosis?
Leads to a longitudinal diagnosis of major depressive disorder
What are the three subtypes in DSM-5 for major depressive disorder (MMD)?
Atypical features (increased sleep and appetite with heightened mood reactivity), melancholic features (defined by no mood reactivity, marked psychomotor retardation and anhedonia), psychomotor features (presence of delusions/ hallucinations)
What are the : core symptoms, biological symptoms and pseudo logical symptoms of MDD?
Core symptoms = low mood, anergia, anhedonia,
Biological symptoms = sleep, libido, appetite
Psychological symptoms = thoughts about the world, the future and oneself
What is the DSM-5 criteria for mania/bipolar ?
Euphoric or irritable mood with 3 of the 7 manic criteria:
Decreased need for sleep with increased energy, distractibility, grandiosity or inflated self-esteem, flight or ideas of racing thoughts, increase talkativeness or pressured speech, increased goal-directed activities or psychomotor agitation, impulsive behaviour
What is needed to reach a DSM-5 diagnosis of type 1 bipolar disorder?
Euphoric or irritable mood with 3 or more of 7 manic criteria for minimum 1 week with notable functional impairment
What is required for a hypomanic episode to be diagnosed?
Euphoric or irritable mood with 3 or more of 7 manic criteria at a minimum of 4 days
Using DSM-5 criteria how is a type 2 bipolar disorder diagnosis made?
Not a single manic episode but hypomanic episodes with at least one major depressive episode
What is an unspecified bipolar disorder?
Manic symptoms for less than four days or if the other thresholds for a manic or hypomanic episode are not met
What is the defining characteristic of manic episodes?
Psychotic features - presence of delusions or hallucinations
If a patient is hospitalised due to manic symptoms, what diagnosis is made, irrespective of functional impairment/ duration?
A manic episode
What is the difference in attention bias seen in anxiety vs depression?
Attention biases more typical of anxiety whereas depression is characterised by biases in maintaining/shifting attention i.e. difficulties disengaging from negative material
How is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) used to detect neuro functional abnormalities such as attention biases?
1) neural activity is systematically associated with changes in the relative concentration of oxygen in local blood supply;
2) oxygenated blood has different magnetic susceptibility relative to deoxygenated blood;
3) changes in the ratio of oxygenated/de-oxygenated blood (haemodynamicresponse function;
4) can be inferred with fMRI by measuring the blood-oxygen-leveldependent (BOLD) response;
5) fMRI can be used to produce activation maps showing which parts of the brain are involved in a particular mental process.
Which area of the brain appears to mediate negative attention biases?
Perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
Which area of the brain is associated with the impaired ability to divert attention from task-irrelevant negative information? (Symptomatic of depression)
Lateral inferior frontal cortex
