mood disorder

Question 1

define mood disorder?

Answer 1

are characterized by episodes of particular types of mood overa period of time

Question 2

what are the symptoms of depressive disorder?

Answer 2

difficulty concentrating excessive feelings of worthlessness or guilt recurrent thoughts of death or changes to eating or sleeping patterns.

Question 3

how can a diagnosis of depressive disorder be made?

Answer 3

it can only be done if the individual has never experienced a manic mixed or hypomanic episode

Question 4

what is single depressive disorder?

Answer 4

it is characterized by the presence of one depressive episode without a history of previous episodes

Question 5

what is recurrent depressive disorder?

Answer 5

it is diagnosed when there at least two depressive episodes separated by several months or more without a significant mood disturbance

Question 6

what is bipolar type 1

Answer 6

defined by the occurrence of at least one manic or mixed episode. a manic episode lasts at least one week and is characterized by an extreme mood

usually feeling euphoric and involved high levels of activity and increased energy

Question 7

what is a mixed episode ?

Answer 7

a mixed episode is characterized by a mixture or rapid alternation between manic and depressive states on most days during a 2 week period.

Question 8

what is a depressive episode ?

Answer 8

it lasts two weeks and involved depressed mood or lack of interest in usual activities for most of the day nearly every day

Question 9

what is type 2 bipolar disorder?

Answer 9

defined by the occurance of one or more hypomanic episodes and at least one depressive episode.

Question 10

what is hypomanic episode?

Answer 10

it is a less extreme version of a manic episode and involves several days of persistent elevated mood or increased irritability

Question 11

what is beck depression inventory?

Answer 11

this is a 21 item self report measure and is one of the most widely used tools for detecting depressive disorder

each item consist of at least 4 statements and the person taking the test must choose the one statement that best fits how they’ve been feeling during a recent period of time

the total score acorss the test is used to determine the severity of the disorder with a score of 10 being minimum for mild depression and 19-29 of moderate and 30+ indicating severe depression

Question 12

bio chemical explanation ?

Answer 12

dopamine is responsible for feelings of motivation so if domaine is reduced the feelings would reduce

low levels of dopamine are often found in those suffering from depressive disorder. anti depressants work by increasing dopamine levels which supports the theory that low levels of dopamine are cause of depressive symptoms.

seratonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates sleep and appetite

when seratonin levels are normal mood and anxiety levels are balanced. if it decreases it causes symptoms of depression
evidence for the role of seratonin comes from the fact that common anti depressants are SSRI’s which increase seratonin levels.

Question 13

what was the aim of ORUC et al.

Answer 13

the aim of the research is to investigate wheather the genes encoding for certain seratonin receptors and seratonin transports could be involved in the susceptibility to bipolar disorder

Question 14

what was the sample?

Answer 14

42 patients with bipolar disorder type 1 from 2 croatian hospitals

25 females and 17 males

16 of those patients had a first degree relative who had been diagnosed with a major affective disorder

control group of 40 patients with no personal of family psychiatric history

matched pair design on sex and age

Question 15

design of ORUC

Answer 15

information was collected from participants and their family members with a diagnoses confirmed through medical records

dna testing was carried out to test for polymorphisms in genes responsible for serotonin receptors and seratonin transporters

Question 16

what were the results for ORUC et al

Answer 16

no significant associations in the sample

participants with bipolar were not significantly more likely to have polymorphism than the control group

seratonin is understood to be sexually dimorphic. results showed that polymorphism in genera were common in women with bipolar than control group

Question 17

what is becks cognitive theory of depression?

Answer 17

the reason for the symptoms is due to incorrect information processing

irrational thinking is cognitive distortion

when a person tends to see things in a negative way they develop cognitive distortion

this develops because of a negative experience during childhood which leads to negative schemas.

Question 18

explain the cognitive triad?

Answer 18

unpleasant experiences are attributed internally so the person believes they are worthless

the individual then preceives the world as presenting them with obstacles to happiness and they think external forces are against them

they have a negative view about the future when considering taking a task in the future the person anticipates failure or rejection

Question 19

what is a learned helpless?

Answer 19

learn helplessness is the state that occurs as a result of a person having to endure an unpleasant situation when they perceived unpleasantness to be in escapable

In theory, the individual learn that they are unable to control the situation and prevent suffering so they eventually stop trying to resist it

That depression was a direct result of a real or perceived lack of control over the outcome of the situation

Learn helplessness is the basis of attributional style as life experiences to develop trust or distrust in our environment we develop particular patterns of thinking towards the world ourselves

A person who has a difficult upbringing might perceive a lack of control over the negative events in their lives and be more inclined towards the negative attributional files will consistently happen in the future as internal stable and global

Question 20

explain the seligman study?

Answer 20

seligman wanted to investigate how well attributional style could predict depressive symptoms

39. Patients with depressive disorder and 12 patients with bipolar disorder participated in the study during a depressive episode.

All the patients came from the outpatient clinic they were compared with a non-clinical group of participants

At the start, participants completed a short form of the BDI to assess severity of symptoms THEY COMPLETED AN ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE QUESTIONNAIRE, CONSISTING OF 12 HYPOTHETICAL GOOD AND BAD EVENTS To make casual attributions for each one and then rate each on the seven point scale

Question 21

what the results for seligman?

Answer 21

Both the bipolar and unipolar parts were found to have more pessimistic negative attributional styles than nonpatient control group. They tend to attribute more negative events to themselves tend to view negative things and be more permanent and tended to see negative things as affecting many areas of their lives

The more severe depression score on the BDI THE WORST PESSIMISM ON THE ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE QUESTIONNAIRE

Those are unipolar depressive disorder, undergoing cognitive therapy, and improvement and attributional style correlated with an improvement in BDI scores

Question 22

what is the biological treatment?

Answer 22

Tricyclics were first introduced in the 1950s and are still used today. They increase levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain by stopping them from being absorbed this reduces symptoms of depressed disorder. They have many side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, and weight gain

Monoamine oxididase inhibitors inhibit the work of an enzyme known as mono amine oxidase this enzyme is responsible for breaking down and removing the neurotransmitters serotonin dopamine and norepinephrine MAOI prevent these new transmitters from being broken down. They allow them to remain higher levels in the brain. They have numerous side effects, such as headache, drowsiness, nausea, diarrhea, and constipation. This type of antidepressants can cause patient to withdraw.

SSRI act on the new transmitter serotonin to stop it from being absorbed and broken down once crossed a synapse in the brain

This means that serotonin levels in the brain are increased, which reduced the symptoms of depressive disorder

SSRI are now the most commonly prescribed anti-depressant drug. They tend to have fewer and less of your side effects.

Question 23

what is the psychological treatment ( BECKS COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING)

Answer 23

Cognitive restructuring aims to entry into the patient, cognitive organization. It is essentially therapy based on one-to-one interactions between the patient and their therapist. It involves technique such as questioning, identify illogical thinking and through ways of changing the way of thinking.

it begins with explaining the theory of depressive disorder to the patient. The explanation of the triad is an important part of the therapy as it allows the patient to understand that their way of thinking about themselves and the world contribute so they depressive disorder. They train the patient observe and record their thoughts. This is critical for helping them to recognize irrational or inaccurate believes and statements.

Once individual can recognize their own cognition, therapist help them to understand the link between their thoughts, affect and behavior, and how influence in the other

The patient is often directed to automatic dysfunctional thoughts and record them therapy sessions

The purpose of this reality testing for patience is to investigate and begin to notice negative distortions and thinking for themselves the therapist uses technique, such as attributing, or they discuss whether they cause problems or failures the patient has experienced or internal or external.

The patient can refrain thinking about an upsetting situation and perhaps realize that they were not responsible for it

Question 24

ELLIS RATIONAO EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERPAY

Answer 24

Rational emotive, behavioral therapy is a psychological approach to treatment based on the principles of stoicism

He placed this belief at the core of his theory

That person becomes depressed because of internal construction on perceptions and attitude towards things that happen to them in their lives

IN REBT the therapist helps the individual to understand the process known as the ABC model. The most important element of the model is belief about the event. ellis Argues that it is how we think about those experiences ( a ) that have great impact on our emotional well-being and behavioral outcomes. people consistently develop negative irrational, beliefs are at a greater risk of depressive disorder

The goal of therapy is to help individuals maintain and construct, rational of thinking about their lives. This means identifying and changing thoughts which lead to guilt and self-pity.
This is achieved process known as disputing.

The therapist forcefully questions, irrational belief, using a variety of different method to reformulate dysfunctional beliefs

The therapist enables individual to recognize that they can choose how they think and feel about it

Individuals must begin to see the consequence experience is partially a result of an activating agent

Holding onto self defeating belief is a destructive tendency

LYON AND WOODS conducted a meta analysis of 70 REBT studies the exam a total of 236 comparison of REBT BASELINE CONTROL SND OTHER GROUPS they found that individuals receiving REBT demonstrated significant improvement over other groups