anxiety disorder Flashcards
charactization of anxiety?
anxiety disorders and fear related disorders are characterized by excessive fear and an anxiety and related disturbances to behavior
Symptoms are severe enough to result in significant distress or significant impairment to one or more important areas of functioning such as family, social or occupational
The distinction between fear and anxiety fear is a response to perceived imminent threat in the present whereas anxiety is more focused on perceived anticipated threat in the future
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Is characterized by symptoms of anxiety for the majority of days in a period of at least several months the anxiety may be a general feeling of apprehension or maybe focused on multiple every day event such as health, family, finances, or work
Related symptoms, such as muscular tension, sleep disturbance, difficulty, concentrating, or irritability may also be present
Symptoms result in significant distress or significant impairment or functioning occupational
Agoraphobia?
Characterized by excessive fear or anxiety response situation where escape might be difficult or might not be available such as using public transport, being in crowds or being outside the home alone
The person will be afraid of having specific negative outcome such as panic attacks or other embarrassing symptoms in a public place
These situations are actively avoided and entered under specific circumstances or extreme distress
The symptoms persist several months, severe significant distress or significant impairment to one or more important areas of functioning
specific phobia ( BII ) ?
fear or anxiety that occurs consistently when exposed to or in anticipation of specific stimulus and this case exposure or anticipation of the site of blood injection or injury
The fear or anxiety would be disproportionate to the actual danger, and the phobic stimulus should be avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety
GAD 7 ?
questionnaire is a screening test often used to enable further referral to psychiatrist or counselor
It has seven items that measured the severity of anxiety. These include feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge being so restless that is hard to sit still.
Similar to the injection phobia inventory individuals are asked to provide the score between 0 to 3 for each item. However, in this test, the scores referred to the frequency of occurrence of symptoms 0 = not at all 3= nearly every day.
BIPI?
The blood injection phobia inventory is a way of measuring the specific phobia the self-report measure list 18 possible situations involving blood and injections
For each situation, the individual is asked to evaluate different reactions. They might experience for that situation there then astir rate on a scale of 0 to 3 the frequency of each symptom.
MAS ET AL?
Carried out research to see whether the BIPI could discriminate between those diagnosed with BII phobia, and those were not they also wanted to investigate whether blood phobia was a one dimensional construct or whether it was influenced by range of stimuli the research aim to find out whether the BIPI could identify a change in participants with the phobia as a result of therapy
- PATIENTS DIAGNOSED with BII phobia and the control group matched on age and gender
As well as the BIPI participants completed the fear questionnaire designed to measure agoraphobic fear, social anxiety and BII phobia
Results showed that the BIPI had excellent reliability and internal consistency as well as good concurrent validity
the BIPI could also discriminate between those diagnosed with blood injection, injury, phobia, and those who are not
The tool was sensitive and identifying therapeutic improvement
genetic explanation for anxiety?
genetic explanation for anxiety?
The genetic explanation, is that that we are born prepared to fear certain objects. In other words there are particular stimuli in the environment that may post a threat to survival that we are more genetically set up to avoid. This is transmitted in our DNA through the generation to help us survive.
OST et al ?
Carried out to study including 81 individuals with blood phobia and 59 individuals in injection phobia these were also compared to the sample of other particpants who have been diagnosed with different specific phobias
completed a screening interview and completed the questionnaire on the nature of phobia
Including the impact of the phobia that had their normal lives as well as giving ratings to particular situations that might trigger their fearful response
Also went to behavioraltest. blood phobia particpants were shown 30 minute silent color of surgery being performed they were told not to close their eyes, but to watch as long as they could experiment to check the direction apart spin looked away or stopped the video using remote control. The test would be terminated.
Then evolved steps from the individuals finger to being cleaned and having a fingertip prick performed on them each step was described to the subject had to say whether or not it was OK to perform if they said no, the test ended
The measures included relating to the performance
Experiment rating of patient’s fainting behavior and self rating of anxiety. Participants also completed the questionnaire on their thoughts during the test and had their blood pressure and heart rate rate monitored.
Family history revealed 50% of blood phobia had one parent who also had blood phobia
injection phobia 27% had at least one parent who also had injection phobia
21% of those blood phobia also reported having at least one sibling who had shared the disorder
Proportion of participants with blood phobia and injection phobia had history of fainting exposed respective phobic stimuli
What is the behavioral explanation for anxiety?
One behavioral explanation for phobias is based on classical conditioning and individual may develop a phobia of harmless stimuli if it’s spared with a frightening experience
watson and rayner?
This study is the principles of classical conditioning to create a phobia and a young boy. Little Albert was the participants in their case study.
Prior to the condition he was shown range of different stimuli, which included a white rat, a rabbit, a dog, a monkey, etc he reacted normally throughout with
no signs of fear
Was chosen as the neutral stimuli they also placed the metal bar above behind Alberts head and struck it loudly with a hammer
This was the unconditioned stimulus as it produced unconditioned response
When Albert was shown the rat, he began to reach for it, but just as his hand to the animal, the researcher made a loud noise by striking a hammer against the metal bar just behind his head. This made the infant very distressed.
They repeatedly paired the loud noise with the presentation of a white trout over several trials one week after the initial trial
Eventually, Albert only had to see the rat and he began to show a fearful response
The rat became the stimulus producing response
For phobia to be maintained, we need to look at operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is based on the principle of learning through consequences
Negative reinforcement is an important feature of conditioning and it is this which can best explain our phobia persist negative reinforcement is the increase likelihood of behavior being repeated due to the removal of something negative or unpleasant
The phobic stimulus reduces the fear so therefore it is rewarding and avoidant behavior will be repeated this lead to continuation of the phobia because by avoiding the stimulus, you are not allowing yourself to the opportunity to see that there’s a little fear
what is the psychodynamic approach ?
Anxiety and fear can result from the impulses of the ID usually when it is being denied or repressed phobia are one way this internal conflict can manifest in human behavior
little hans ?
Freud offered an account of a boy who is suffering from a phobia of horses. Little Hans was a five-year-old Austrian boy whose father had referred the case to Freud.
When he was three, he had developed an intense interest in his penis. If you could be played with himself, which angered his mother who threatened to cut it off this upside the boy, and he developed a fear of castration.
His mother separated him in the hospital, witnessed and upsetting incident where horse fell and died in the street. He was particularly worried that you would be bitten by a white horse.
This was related to the horses penis conflict, began to emerge between Hamza ‘s father who had begun denying him the chance to get into bed in the morning to sit with his mother, his phobia lesson at the age of five his father reported had two notable fancies at the time when was that several children of his own with his mother and imagined that his father was in fact his grandfather he also fantasized that a plumber, had come and removed his penis and replaced it with the new and larger one
Freud felt the object of fear the horse represented hans’s father Hans was particularly afraid of white horses with black nose bands with symbolize his mustache father
what is the behavioral therapy ?
Systemic desensitization is a way of reducing undesirable responses to particular situations. It holds assumption that nearly all behavior is a conditioned response to the environment, argues that all behavior can be unlearned
This is referred to as counterconditioning systematically desensitizing. A patient requires that once frightening stimulus should eventually become neutral and provoke no real anxiety.
WOLPE introduce the idea of reciprocal inhibition, which is the impossible of feeling too strong and imposing emotions
The therapist teaches the patient relaxation techniques these progressive muscle relaxation exercises, visualization or even antianxiety drugs. The patient and therapist work together to create an anxiety hierarchy. This is a list of anxiety provoking situations relating to the specific phobia.
The list is unique to the individual who works through in vitro or in vivo exposure to in each stage in turn
The patient begins with in vitro exposure, imagining the scenarios and then moves onto in vivo exposure, facing the stimulus and real life
At each stage of the anxiety hierarchy, patient is assisted to remain chosen technique. The patient does not move onto the next stage in the hierarchy until the report feeling no anxiety in relation to the current stage.
Emotions and incompatible response gradually unlearned, and will no longer produce anxiety in the patient
aim of chapman and deLAPP?
The aim of this case that was investigate whether BII phobia could be successfully treated using CBT and applied muscle tension
