Mood

Question 1

Bipolar I Disorder

Answer 1

Extreme manic and depressive states

Question 2

Bipolar II disorder

Answer 2

less mania, more depression

Question 3

cyclothymic disorder

Answer 3

numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms as well as numerous periods of depressive symptoms

Question 4

Classes of drugs used to manage bipolar

Answer 4

• mood stabilizers
  (lithium salts, anticonvulsants)
• atypical antipsychotics
• antidepressants

Question 5

mood stabilizers

Answer 5

used to treat BP
- work in clinical trials but was found on accident
- not GPCR ligand
- do not have defined pharmacological target

Question 6

limitations of lithium

Answer 6

• narrow window of efficacy
• 30-40% of BP patients don’t respond

Question 7

side effects of lithium

Answer 7

• intoxication
• excessive kidney functions (thirst, urination) because kidney working overtime to get rid of ions in blood
• kidney failure in long-term
• thyroid functions in long tern

Question 8

Lithium may compete with…

Answer 8

magnesium which is a common cofactor

Question 9

Inositol depletion hypothesis (and problem with it)

Answer 9

Lithium depletes inositol and inhibits signalling
problem -> lithium does not cause depletion of inositol in mice and knocking out inositol phosphates does not replicate behavioural effects of Li +

Question 10

GSK3

Answer 10

GSK3 inhibitors replicate effects of lithium in some animal models
- manic like behaviour
- depression
- circadian rhythm

Both lithium and GSK3 have been shown to affect overlapping biological functions - lithium inhibits GSK3

Question 11

Antiepileptic drugs that treat bipolar

Answer 11

• valproid acid (for mania)
• carbamazepine
• lomotrigine (for depressive effects)

but not all anti-epileptics work ex. phenytoin doesn’t work