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PCL470 > Introduction to Central and Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction to Central and Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How much does the brain weigh?

A

3 pounds

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2
Q

Roles of CSF

A
  • prevents mechanical damage
  • absorbs shock from body movement
  • maintains brain ion concentration
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3
Q

What can sampling CSF provide?

A

Information about drug distribution
AKA does the drug bypass the BBB
- allows us to measure drug conc in brain

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4
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

PNS

A

split into:
Somatic NS and Autonomic NS

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6
Q

Somatic NS

A

in the PNS
- made up of sensory neurons and motor neurons
- responsible for sending the environment, controlling voluntary movements and reflexes

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7
Q

Autonomic NS

A

in the PNS
- ‘self-governing’ and controls body’s physiology along with the endocrine system
- split into the parasympathetic and sympathetic NSs (when one is on, the other is off)

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8
Q

Neurotransmitters of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A

parasymp - acetylcholine
symp - adrenaline

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9
Q

Nerves for sympathetic split off from what part of spinal cord

A

cervical, thoracic (midsection), and lumbar - sympathetic ganglia

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10
Q

Nerves for parasympathetic split off from what part of spinal cord

A

brain stem and sacral regions

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11
Q

Forebrain

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • basal ganglia
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus

(CAH-BTH)

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12
Q

Midbrain: regions and the neurotransmitters produced/that dominate in that area

A
  • raphne nucleus (serotonin)
  • sustantia nigra and ventral tegmentum (dopamine)
  • locus coeruleus (norepinephrine)
  • periaqueductal grey (this is the pain centre, endorphins)
  • reticular formation also part of midbrain

(RSVP L)

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13
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Pons
  • Medulla
  • Reticular formation

(CPR and medulla)

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14
Q

Cerberal Cortex

A

cortex is required for:
- consciousness
- perceiving and integrating sensory information
- storing and retrieving memories (not necessarily encoding)
- self-reflection
- planning
- decisions about voluntary behaviours
- higher though and reasoning

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15
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • initiating voluntary movement
  • reward system (pleasure)
  • decision making
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16
Q

Thalamus

A
  • information filter: relay between the cortex and the sun-cortical structures
  • involved in consciousness
  • can be a target for anti-epileptic drugs
  • anesthesias also act here
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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • endocrine system - produces hormones
  • regulates stress response
  • controls hunger and satiety
  • hypothalamus neurons secrete hormones into either the bloodstream or into terminals of the pituitary
18
Q

Limbic System

A
  • mediates emotional responses and memories
  • includes the cingulate gyrus, basal ganglia, amygdala, and the hippocampus
  • cingulate gyrus: mediates concepts of self and others, memory storage and retrieval with emotional content
  • amygdala: negative emotion/ fear
  • Hippocampus: memory formation and retrieval, spatial memory, autobiographical memory
19
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • releases hormones from secretory cells into the bloodstream
  • controls other endocrine glands: adrenal, thyroid, ovaries, testes
  • hormones include: gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), oxytocin, vasopressin, and orexin.
20
Q

reticular formation

A

in the midbrain and extends down to hindbrain
- involved in sleep and attention, consciousness and habituation

21
Q

cerebellum

A

part of hindbrain
- coordinates and refines movements and timing
- maintains balance and posture

22
Q

pons

A

part of hindbrain
- relay point for spinal neurons and cranial nerves
- location of monoamine neurons and reticular activating system

23
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of hindbrain
- heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, vomiting, swallowing, sneezing

24
Q

The blood brain barrier

A

the blood vessels of the capillaries in the brain are very tightly joined so nothing can get by (unlike leaky junctions everywhere else in body)
- epithelial cells have specialized tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) that restricts the movements of molecules

25
Q

how do charged or large molecules get past the BBB?

A
  • some charged molecules are actively transported by transporters (glucose, amino acids)
  • things like transferring, insulin, and leptin receptors get in by transcytosis.
26
Q

What can get through the BBB no prob?

A
  • lipophilic molecules and drugs can pass passively through the cell membrane of the BBB and into the brain (ex. steroids like estrogen)
27
Q

What does the BBB exclude?

A
  • highly charged particles and drugs
  • large proteins
  • bacteria
  • viruses (viruses that do get in are hijacking a transporter - will cause meningitis)
  • blood and plasma cells (so also keeps out immune cells them - what are implications of this)
28
Q

brain regions not protected by the BBB

A
  • pituitary gland (hormone secretion)
  • pineal gland (melatonin secretion)
  • area postrema (vomiting, senses blood for poisons)
29
Q

What conditions can impair the BBB and its integrity?

A
  • stroke (ischemia)
  • head trauma
  • inflammation
  • alzheimer’s disease
  • ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
  • multiple sclerosis
30
Q

What feature makes it easy to exclude a drug from the brain but also difficult to develop drugs for the CNS?

A

Charge of the molecule
- charged molecules can’t get into the CNS
BUT
- most drugs interact with their targets by charged residues of the drugs interacting with the charged amino acids

31
Q

CNS is composed of…

A

neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia

32
Q

What do most CNS drugs target?

A

Neurons and their propensity to fire (not astrocytes, oligod, or microglia)

33
Q

postsynaptic density

A

area on the postsynaptic neuron where you find receptors

34
Q

classical neurotransmitters

A

NTs that are packaged in a synaptic vesicle

Amino Acids:
- glutamate (excitatory)
- GABA (inhib)
- glycine

  • acetylcholine (mostly excitatory)

Monoamines (effect depends on GPCR their receptor is coupled to - Gs, Gi, Gq):
- dopamine (DA)
- norepinephrine/noradrenaline
- epinephrine/adrenaline
- serotonin (5HT)
- histamine

neuropeptides like endorphin and enkephalin

35
Q

non-classical neurotransmitters

A

not packaged into vesicles, rather they are produced by enzymes and freely diffuse across cell membranes to alter local neuron physiology
- nitric oxide
- endocannabinoids
- prostaglandins

36
Q

Ten spots/drug targets at which to modulate neuron function

A
  1. action potential of presynaptic neuron
  2. synthesis of NT
  3. storage of NT into vesicles
  4. intracellular metabolism of NT
  5. vesicular release of NT
  6. re-uptake of NT into presynaptic neuron or glia
  7. degradation of NT in the synaptic cleft
  8. binding of NT to postsynaptic receptor
  9. receptor-induced change in excitability
  10. retrograde signalling (chemicals produced in postsynaptic neuron diffuse to influence presynaptic neuron)
37
Q

autoreceptors

A

receptors on the presynaptic terminal
- sensors to detect the synaptic levels of a NT
- normal function is to attenuate release of the NT (causes intracellular cascade that reduces NT released)
- often have a higher affinity for the NT than the postsynaptic receptor

38
Q

what are the implications of giving a drug at a low-dose when an autoreceptor has a higher affinity for the NT than the postsynaptic receptor?

A

if the drug binds at the orthosteric site (the site where endogenous chemicals would act), the drug would bind to the autoreceptors more than the PS-receptors causing an attenuation of more release

39
Q

Most psychoactive drugs are agonists or antagonists of…

A

neurotransmitter receptors or voltage-gated ion channels
- act to either increase or decrease the probability that a neuron will fire by directly or indirectly (activating g proteins indirectly affects ion channels) modulating ion channels

40
Q

Components of resting membrane potential

A
  • bulky anions (can’t leave.cell)
  • sodium ions are kept low inside (creates conc gradient and electrostatic pressure)
  • chloride ions are low inside (so will rush in even though inside is all neg)
  • potassium ions at high conc inside (conc gradient)
  • calcium ions are kept low in the cell (conc gradient and electrostatic pressure)
41
Q

what does it take for a neuron to fire?

A
  1. NTs at the synapse cause sodium channels (ligand-gated) to open
  2. sodium rushes in, depolarizing the membrane
  3. nearby sodium channels open (voltage-gated), propagating the signal down the axon
  4. at the terminal, voltage-gated calcium channels allow calcium into the terminal, signalling the release of NT vesicles

PCL470 (14 decks)

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