Monohaloalkanes

Question 1

Characteristic of monohaloalkanes

Answer 1

Contains one halogen atom

Question 2

How are they classified

Answer 2

Primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon containing the halogen atom

Question 3

Reactions

Answer 3

Elimination reactions to form Alkenes using a strong base such as potassium or sodium in ethanol

Nucleophilic Reactions

Aqueous alkalis to form alcohols
Alcoholic alkoxides to form ethers
Ethanolic cyanide to form nitriles which can be hydrolysed to form carboxylic acids

Question 4

Nitriles

Answer 4

Chain length increased by one carbon atom

Question 5

Types of nucleophilic substitution

Answer 5

Sn1 Sn2

Question 6

Difference between Sn1 and Sn2

Answer 6

Sn1 - first order
Sn2 - second order

Question 7

Sn1

Answer 7

Nucleophilic substitution with one species in the rate determining step
Occurs in minimum of two steps
Harder for nucleophile to attack - steric hinderance
Trigonal planar carbocation intermediate - stabilised through inductive stabilisation and will be one of the central carbons

Question 8

Sn2

Answer 8

Nucleophilic substitution with two species in the rate determining step
Occurs in one step
Easy for nucleophile to attack
Trigonal bipyrimidal transition state