Bond Fission

Question 1

Aspects of Homolytic Fission

Answer 1

2 neutral radicals are produced
Even split of electrons as each atom retains one electron from the sigma covalent bond
Occurs when non-polar covalent bonds are broken
Creates a complex mixture of products so is unsuitable for organic synthesis

Question 2

Aspects of Heterolytic Fission

Answer 2

Results in two oppositely charged ions
Occurs when one atom retains both electrons from a sigma covalent bond
Normally occurs when polar covalent bonds are broken
Results in fewer products so is more suitable for organic synthesis

Question 3

Arrows indicating homolytic bond fission

Answer 3

Two single headed arrows starting at the middle of the covalent bond

Question 4

Arrows indicating heterolytic bond fission

Answer 4

Double headed arrow starting at the middle of the covalent bond

Question 5

Attacking groups in heterolytic bond fission

Answer 5

Nucleophiles and Electrophiles

Question 6

Nucleuophiles definition

Answer 6

Negatively charged ions or neutral ions that are electron RICH
Attracted to atoms bearing a partial or full positive charge
Can donate an electron pair to form a new covalent bond

Question 7

Examples of nucleophiles

Answer 7

Cl, Br, Nh3, OH, CN, H2O

Question 8

Electrophiles definition

Answer 8

Positively charged ions or molecules that are electron DEFICIENT
Attracted to atoms bearing a partial or full negative charge
Capable of accepting an electron pair to form a new covalent bond

Question 9

Examples of Electrophiles

Answer 9

H+, NO3+, SO3