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Animal Nutrition > Monogastric digestion > Flashcards

Monogastric digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Function of teeth

A

Mechanically reduce particle size

Increases surface area

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2
Q

How many muscles in the tongue?

A

3

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3
Q

Function of the tongue

A

Manoeuvres food in the mouth

Moves feed to teeth for grinding and to the back of the mouth for swallowing

Can distinguish between feed and toxins by papillae or taste buds

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4
Q

Name the 4 salivary glands

A

Zygomatic

Parotid

Sublingual

Mandibular

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5
Q

Zygomatic salivary gland - Type of secretion and main constituents

A

Type of secretion = mainly mucous

Main constituents = Mucin

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6
Q

Parotid salivary gland - Type of secretion and main constituents

A

Type of secretion = Serous

Main constituents = water, enzymes

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7
Q

Sublingual salivary gland - Type of secretion and main constituents

A

Type of secretion = mucous or mixed

Main constituents = Mucin, water, enzymes

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8
Q

Mandibular salivary gland - Type of secretion and main constituents

A

Type of secretion = Mucous or mixed

Main constituents = Mucin, enzymes, water

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9
Q

Function of Salivary glands

A

Moisten feed (salt and water)

Lubrication (aids swallowing)

Starch and/or lipid digestion - Amylase and/or lipase

Venom/bacteria – kill prey

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10
Q

Function of Oesophagus

A

Transport of food from mouth to stomach

Uses peristaltic (wave contractions)

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11
Q

Oesophagus of a horse/pig

A

Striated muscles for first 2/3

Smooth muscle for last 1/3

In horse, oesophagus joins stomach at an oblique angle – cannot belch

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12
Q

Oesophagus of a dog

A

Striated muscles throughout

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13
Q

Function of Stomach

A

Reservoir for controlled release of digesta to small intestine

Mixing food

Mechanical breakdown of feed

Hydrolytic digestion by acid and enzymes - Mainly protein

Kill bacteria

Secrete intrinsic factor: needed for vitamin B12 absorption

Hormone production

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14
Q

Stomach regions

A

Oesophagus - Non glandular

Cardia - Secretes mucous

Fundus - Parietal cells - enzymes & chief cells - HCL & intrinsic factor

Antrum - gastric

Pylorus - mucus

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15
Q

List secretions of the stomach

A

HCl

Mucus

Pepsinogen

Lipase

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16
Q

Stomach secretion - HCl

A

Decreases pH (~2-3)

Denatures protein

Kills bacteria

Activates pepsinogen

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17
Q

Stomach secretion - Mucus

A

Protects lining from acid and enzymes

No “autodigestion”

Lubricant

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18
Q

Stomach secretion - Pepsinogen

A

Activated form is pepsin

Hydrolyses protein

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19
Q

Stomach secretion - Lipase

A

Some species

Lipid breakdown

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20
Q

Chyme

A

Semifluid mass ready for passage into SI

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21
Q

Function of gastric motility

A

Motility aids mixing, mechanical and hydrolytic reduction of feed to chyme

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22
Q

Gastric secretions and motility are controlled by

A

Cephalic phase - head

Gastric phase - stomach

Intestinal phase - Intestine

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23
Q

Cephalic phase

A

Vagal reflex:
Parasympathetic innervation

Increases gastric motility, enzyme secretion

Small increase in HCl secretion

24
Q

Gastric phase

A

Local reflex, depends on presence of feed in stomach

Mainly mediated by gastrin

Increases HCl secretion

25
Q

Intestinal phase

A

Stimulated by duodenal distension, pH, osmolarity, nutrients (fat)

Decreases HCl secretion and gastric motility

26
Q

List the gastrointestinal hormones

A

Gastrin

Secretin

Cholecystokinin (CKK)

Gastric inhibitory protein

27
Q

Gastrin

A

Origin: stomach

Stimulus: food in stomach

Function: stimulates HCl & pepsinogen secretion, increases stomach motility

28
Q

Secretin

A

Origin: duodenum

Stimulus: acid

Function: stimulates pancreatic secretions. Slows stomach motility and acid production

29
Q

Cholecystokinin (CKK)

A

Origin: duodenum

Stimulus: fat & protein in duodenum

Function: Stimulates bile and pancreatic secretions
Also regulates appetite and feed intake

30
Q

Gastric inhibitory protein

A

Origin: duodenum

Stimulus: fats and bile

Function: Inhibit stomach motility and secretion of acid and enzymes

31
Q

Segments of small intestine (proximal to distal)

A

Duodenum

Jejunum

ileum

32
Q

Duodenum

A

Releases bile and pancreatic secretion

Active site of digestion

33
Q

Jejunum

A

Active site of nutrient absorption

34
Q

Ileum

A

Active site of nutrient absorption - Water, vitamins and minerals

Some bacterial presence - Fermentation

35
Q

Paneth cell

A

Secretory granules with anti-microbial properties

36
Q

Speed of digestion in the small intestine

A

Very rapid

Within 30 minutes of entering SI

37
Q

What nutrients can be absorbed by diffusion in the small intestine?

A

Water and small lipid molecules

38
Q

Secretions within the small intestin

A

Intestinal mucous

Brush border enzymes

39
Q

Intestinal mucous

A

From Brunner’s glands in duodenum wall

Acts as lubricant and buffer to protect duodenal wall

40
Q

Brush boarder enzymes

A

CHO: lactase, maltase, sucrose

Proteins: Dipeptidase, aminopeptidase

41
Q

Function of liver

A

Production of bile

Protein, CHO, fat metabolism

Storage of Glycogen & Vitamins

Break down of toxic substances

42
Q

Function of Pancreas

A

Produces enzymes responsible for:

  • 50% of carbohydrate digestion
  • 50% of protein digestion
  • 90% of lipid digestion

Produces sodium bicarbonate for neutralisation of chyme in duodenum

Produces insulin

43
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

Produced & stored in pancreas

Clear, watery juice

Enters duodenum via pancreatic duct

Aids in fat, starch, and protein digestion

Contains: 
HCO3- 
Trypsinogen – Pro-enzyme 
Chymotrypsinogen - Pro-enzyme  
Procarboxypeptidase – Pro-enzyme
Amylase 
Lipase 
Colipase (lipase co-enzyme)
44
Q

Large intestine - Segments

A

Cecum

Colon

Rectum

45
Q

Large intestine - Function

A

Fermentative digestion

  • No enzyme secretion
  • Relies on microbes or secretions washed out of the SI

Absorption of water, electrolytes, minerals

Digesta storage

Movement of fecal mater to rectum for defecation

Vitamin synthesis

46
Q

Monogastric cecum

A

Located at junction of small and large intestine

Function similar to rumen in ruminants

  • Microbial activity and digestion of feeds
  • Contains a microbial population similar rumen
  • Cellulolytic & hemicelluloytic bacteria

Microbial cell proteins not available to host
- Fecal loss – coprophagy

47
Q

Monogastric Rectum

A

Muscular area of large intestine used for storage of faeces and ultimately for defecation

Faeces includes sloughed cells, undigested food and microbial matter

48
Q

Salivary glands in birds

A

Are poorly developed

49
Q

Avian oesophagus

A

Enlarged area called crop

Ingesta holding and moistening

Location for breakdown for carbohydrate by amylase

Fermentation

50
Q

Avian Proventriculus

A

Release of HCl and pepsin (gastric juices)

Ingesta passes through very quickly (14 seconds)

51
Q

Avian Gizzard

A

Muscular area with a hardened lining reduces particle size

Muscular contractions every 20-30 secs

Includes action of grift – deliberately ingested

52
Q

Avian ceca

A

Contain two ceca instead of one

53
Q

Avian large intestine

A

Very short (5-10 cm) and empties into cloaca where fecal material will be voided via the vent

  • Water resorption
  • Fibre fermentation by bacteria
  • Water soluble vitamin synthesis by bacteria
54
Q

Main features digestive tract of horse

A

Large intestine (45%)

Where microbes are stored

55
Q

Main features of digestive tract of dog

A

Large stomach
- Don’t need many microbes because don’t eat much plant material (meat is easy to digest)

Scavengers – can store food

56
Q

Main features of digestive tract of cat

A

Large stomach

Tiny caecum
- (obligate carnivore – no plant material)

57
Q

Main features of digestive tract of fish

A

Have pyloric ceca after stomach

  • Where the digestive enzymes are
  • Finger-like projections to increase surface area

Have a combined small/large intestine

Animal Nutrition (10 decks)

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