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Monogastric digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Function of teeth

A

Mechanically reduce particle size

Increases surface area

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2
Q

How many muscles in the tongue?

A

3

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3
Q

Function of the tongue

A

Manoeuvres food in the mouth

Moves feed to teeth for grinding and to the back of the mouth for swallowing

Can distinguish between feed and toxins by papillae or taste buds

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4
Q

Name the 4 salivary glands

A

Zygomatic

Parotid

Sublingual

Mandibular

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5
Q

Zygomatic salivary gland - Type of secretion and main constituents

A

Type of secretion = mainly mucous

Main constituents = Mucin

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6
Q

Parotid salivary gland - Type of secretion and main constituents

A

Type of secretion = Serous

Main constituents = water, enzymes

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7
Q

Sublingual salivary gland - Type of secretion and main constituents

A

Type of secretion = mucous or mixed

Main constituents = Mucin, water, enzymes

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8
Q

Mandibular salivary gland - Type of secretion and main constituents

A

Type of secretion = Mucous or mixed

Main constituents = Mucin, enzymes, water

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9
Q

Function of Salivary glands

A

Moisten feed (salt and water)

Lubrication (aids swallowing)

Starch and/or lipid digestion - Amylase and/or lipase

Venom/bacteria – kill prey

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10
Q

Function of Oesophagus

A

Transport of food from mouth to stomach

Uses peristaltic (wave contractions)

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11
Q

Oesophagus of a horse/pig

A

Striated muscles for first 2/3

Smooth muscle for last 1/3

In horse, oesophagus joins stomach at an oblique angle – cannot belch

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12
Q

Oesophagus of a dog

A

Striated muscles throughout

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13
Q

Function of Stomach

A

Reservoir for controlled release of digesta to small intestine

Mixing food

Mechanical breakdown of feed

Hydrolytic digestion by acid and enzymes - Mainly protein

Kill bacteria

Secrete intrinsic factor: needed for vitamin B12 absorption

Hormone production

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14
Q

Stomach regions

A

Oesophagus - Non glandular

Cardia - Secretes mucous

Fundus - Parietal cells - enzymes & chief cells - HCL & intrinsic factor

Antrum - gastric

Pylorus - mucus

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15
Q

List secretions of the stomach

A

HCl

Mucus

Pepsinogen

Lipase

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16
Q

Stomach secretion - HCl

A

Decreases pH (~2-3)

Denatures protein

Kills bacteria

Activates pepsinogen

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17
Q

Stomach secretion - Mucus

A

Protects lining from acid and enzymes

No “autodigestion”

Lubricant

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18
Q

Stomach secretion - Pepsinogen

A

Activated form is pepsin

Hydrolyses protein

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19
Q

Stomach secretion - Lipase

A

Some species

Lipid breakdown

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20
Q

Chyme

A

Semifluid mass ready for passage into SI

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21
Q

Function of gastric motility

A

Motility aids mixing, mechanical and hydrolytic reduction of feed to chyme

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22
Q

Gastric secretions and motility are controlled by

A

Cephalic phase - head

Gastric phase - stomach

Intestinal phase - Intestine

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23
Q

Cephalic phase

A

Vagal reflex:
Parasympathetic innervation

Increases gastric motility, enzyme secretion

Small increase in HCl secretion

24
Q

Gastric phase

A

Local reflex, depends on presence of feed in stomach

Mainly mediated by gastrin

Increases HCl secretion

25
Intestinal phase
Stimulated by duodenal distension, pH, osmolarity, nutrients (fat) Decreases HCl secretion and gastric motility
26
List the gastrointestinal hormones
Gastrin Secretin Cholecystokinin (CKK) Gastric inhibitory protein
27
Gastrin
Origin: stomach Stimulus: food in stomach Function: stimulates HCl & pepsinogen secretion, increases stomach motility
28
Secretin
Origin: duodenum Stimulus: acid Function: stimulates pancreatic secretions. Slows stomach motility and acid production
29
Cholecystokinin (CKK)
Origin: duodenum Stimulus: fat & protein in duodenum Function: Stimulates bile and pancreatic secretions Also regulates appetite and feed intake
30
Gastric inhibitory protein
Origin: duodenum Stimulus: fats and bile Function: Inhibit stomach motility and secretion of acid and enzymes
31
Segments of small intestine (proximal to distal)
Duodenum Jejunum ileum
32
Duodenum
Releases bile and pancreatic secretion Active site of digestion
33
Jejunum
Active site of nutrient absorption
34
Ileum
Active site of nutrient absorption - Water, vitamins and minerals Some bacterial presence - Fermentation
35
Paneth cell
Secretory granules with anti-microbial properties
36
Speed of digestion in the small intestine
Very rapid Within 30 minutes of entering SI
37
What nutrients can be absorbed by diffusion in the small intestine?
Water and small lipid molecules
38
Secretions within the small intestin
Intestinal mucous Brush border enzymes
39
Intestinal mucous
From Brunner’s glands in duodenum wall Acts as lubricant and buffer to protect duodenal wall
40
Brush boarder enzymes
CHO: lactase, maltase, sucrose Proteins: Dipeptidase, aminopeptidase
41
Function of liver
Production of bile Protein, CHO, fat metabolism Storage of Glycogen & Vitamins Break down of toxic substances
42
Function of Pancreas
Produces enzymes responsible for: - 50% of carbohydrate digestion - 50% of protein digestion - 90% of lipid digestion Produces sodium bicarbonate for neutralisation of chyme in duodenum Produces insulin
43
Pancreatic juice
Produced & stored in pancreas Clear, watery juice Enters duodenum via pancreatic duct Aids in fat, starch, and protein digestion ``` Contains: HCO3- Trypsinogen – Pro-enzyme Chymotrypsinogen - Pro-enzyme Procarboxypeptidase – Pro-enzyme Amylase Lipase Colipase (lipase co-enzyme) ```
44
Large intestine - Segments
Cecum Colon Rectum
45
Large intestine - Function
Fermentative digestion - No enzyme secretion - Relies on microbes or secretions washed out of the SI Absorption of water, electrolytes, minerals Digesta storage Movement of fecal mater to rectum for defecation Vitamin synthesis
46
Monogastric cecum
Located at junction of small and large intestine Function similar to rumen in ruminants - Microbial activity and digestion of feeds - Contains a microbial population similar rumen - Cellulolytic & hemicelluloytic bacteria Microbial cell proteins not available to host - Fecal loss – coprophagy
47
Monogastric Rectum
Muscular area of large intestine used for storage of faeces and ultimately for defecation Faeces includes sloughed cells, undigested food and microbial matter
48
Salivary glands in birds
Are poorly developed
49
Avian oesophagus
Enlarged area called crop Ingesta holding and moistening Location for breakdown for carbohydrate by amylase Fermentation
50
Avian Proventriculus
Release of HCl and pepsin (gastric juices) Ingesta passes through very quickly (14 seconds)
51
Avian Gizzard
Muscular area with a hardened lining reduces particle size Muscular contractions every 20-30 secs Includes action of grift – deliberately ingested
52
Avian ceca
Contain two ceca instead of one
53
Avian large intestine
Very short (5-10 cm) and empties into cloaca where fecal material will be voided via the vent - Water resorption - Fibre fermentation by bacteria - Water soluble vitamin synthesis by bacteria
54
Main features digestive tract of horse
Large intestine (45%) Where microbes are stored
55
Main features of digestive tract of dog
Large stomach - Don’t need many microbes because don’t eat much plant material (meat is easy to digest) Scavengers – can store food
56
Main features of digestive tract of cat
Large stomach Tiny caecum - (obligate carnivore – no plant material)
57
Main features of digestive tract of fish
Have pyloric ceca after stomach - Where the digestive enzymes are - Finger-like projections to increase surface area Have a combined small/large intestine

Animal Nutrition (10 decks)

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