Monoclonal Antibodies/ Plant diseases

Question 1

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 1

identical antibodies that are produced from a single cell that has divided to make many cloned copies of itself

Question 2

What are antibodies produced by?

Answer 2

b-lymphocytes (white blood cells)

Question 3

Why do monoclonal antibodies only target one specific protein antigen?

Answer 3

because all the antibodies in monoclonal antibodies are identical,

Question 4

why are lymphocytes fused with tumour cells to create a hybridoma cells?

Answer 4

because lymphocytes don’t divide very easily so it cannot grow more antibodies.

• tumour cells divides a lot but don’t produce antibodies
• tumour (myeloma) cells can be grown easily

Question 5

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

Answer 5

1) stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particular antibody.
2) The lymphocytes are combined with tumour cells to make a cell called a hybridoma cell.
3) The hybridoma cell can both divide and make the antibody.
4) Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody.
5) A large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified.

Question 6

Describe how monoclonal antibodies can be used for pregnancy tests?

Answer 6

• they are used to bind to the hormone HCG which is only found in the urine of a pregnant woman
• the woman urinates on the stick and looks for a reaction

Question 7

How are monoclonal antibodies used in labs?

they measure the levels of _________ and detect ________

Answer 7

they are used to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood or detect pathogens

Question 8

How are monoclonal antibodies used in research?

Answer 8

they are used to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent dye

Question 9

How are monoclonal antibodies used to treat diseases ?

Answer 9

can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing. It delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.

Question 10

Why aren’t monoclonal antibodies widely used yet?

Answer 10

Monoclonal antibodies create more side effects than expected

Question 11

What are the signs that a plant may be diseased? (7)

Answer 11

• stunted growth
• spots on leaves
• areas of decay
• growths
• malformed stems or leaves
• discolouration
• the presence of pests

Question 12

what steps can be taken to identify plant disease?

Answer 12

• reference to a gardening manual or website
• taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen
• using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies.

Question 13

What are aphids ?

Answer 13

small insects (such as greenfly or blackfly) that feed from the phloem, taking sugars away from the plant

Question 14

What are the deficiencies that affect plants and what are they caused by?

Answer 14

• Lack of nitrates = stunted growth because nitrate are needed to make proteins
• Lack of magnesium = chlorosis because magnesium ions are needed to make chlorophyll which is needed form photosynthesis . this make the plant leaves yellow.

Question 15

What are the plant physical defences against diseases?

Answer 15

• Cellulose cell walls - barrier against pathogens that make its way through the waxy cuticle
• Tough waxy cuticle on leaves = barrier
• Layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off, taking the pathogens with them

Question 16

What are the plant chemical defences against diseases?

Answer 16

• Antibacterial chemicals which kills bacteria

* Poisons to deter herbivores.

Question 17

What are the plant mechanical defences against diseases?

Answer 17

• Thorns and hairs deter animals
• Leaves which droop or curl when touched ( prevents them from being eaten and also knocks insects off)
• Mimicry to trick animals.