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GCSE AQA 9-1 Biology (for those doing triple) > Intro to Homeostatis and the nervous system COPY > Flashcards

Intro to Homeostatis and the nervous system COPY Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis and what does it do?

A

the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell’s or organism in response to internal or external changes.

maintains optimal conditions for enzyme action and all cell functions.

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2
Q

What conditions do homeostasis control?

A
  • blood glucose concentration
  • body temperature
  • water and ion levels
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3
Q

What type of communication do automatic control systems use?

A

nervous and hormonal

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4
Q

What do all control systems include?

A
  • cells called receptors, which detect stimuli (changes in the environment)
  • coordination centres (such as the brain, spinal cord and pancreas) that receive and process information from receptors
  • effectors (muscles or glands) which bring about responses which restore optimum levels.
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5
Q

What does the nervous system allow us to do?

A

enables humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour

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6
Q

Describe the pathway through the nervous system, starting at the receptor.

A
  • information from the receptors passes to the central nervous system
  • the CNS coordinates the response of effectors, ie muscles contracting or glands secreting hormones
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7
Q

What’s the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

describes how the body makes a response.

starting at the stimulus

A

stimulus –> Receptor –> Coordinator –> Effector –> Response

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9
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

an automatic and rapid response to a stimulus so they can protect the body

they do not involve the conscious part of the brain

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10
Q

How do we detect pain?

A

1) pain stimulus is detected by receptors
2) impulses from the receptor pass along a sensory neurone to the CNS
3) From the CNS An impulse then passes through a relay neurone
4) A motor neurone carriers impulses to the effector
5) the effector (usually a muscle) responds

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11
Q

What is the role of a sensory neurone?

A

A sensory neurone carries signals from the receptors to the spinal cord or brain.

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12
Q

What is the role of a relay neurone?

A

A relay neurone carries messages from one part of the CNS to another

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13
Q

What is the role of a motor neurone?

A

Motor neurones carry signals from the CNS to effectors.

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14
Q

How are electrical impulses carried between neurones?

A

Between neurons are junctions called synapses. electrical impulses trigger the release of chemical signals - neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse where it is then converted back into an electrical impulse.

neurones are not directly connected to each other

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15
Q

What does the brain control and what is it made up of it?

A

The brain controls complex behaviour.

It is made of billions of interconnected neurones and has different regions that carry out different functions.

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16
Q

What are the main regions of the brain?

A

cerebral cortex, medulla and the cerebellum

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17
Q

What is the role of the cerebral cortex?

A

The cerebral cortex is concerned with:

Consciousness
Intelligence
Memory
Language

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18
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance.

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19
Q

What is the role of the medulla?

A

The medulla controls unconscious (automatic) activities such as controlling heartbeat, breathing and the movements of the gut.

20
Q

Explain why it is difficult to investigate and treat brain disorders.

A

The complexity and delicacy of the brain makes investigating and treating brain disorders very difficult.

Drugs do not always reach the brain through the membranes that surround it.

investigation of brain function could cause physical damage to the brain or increased problems with brain function

21
Q

How do scientists use patients with brain damage to study the brain?

A

the effect the brain damage has on the patient can tell you a lot about what the damaged part of the brain does

22
Q

How do scientists use electrically stimulating to study the brain?

A
  • by pushing a tiny electrode into the tissue and giving it a small zap of electricity
  • by observing what stimulating different parts of the brain does, it’s possible to get an idea of what these parts do
23
Q

How do scientists use MRI scans to study the brain?

A

by producing very detailed pictures of the brain’s structure, scientists can use it to find out what areas of the brain are active when people are doing activities

24
Q

What does the retina do?

what is it?

what does it contain?

A

contains receptor cells that are sensitive to the brightness and colour of light

allows us to detect light intensity and light colour

25
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

carries impulses from the retina to the brain

26
Q

What does the sclera do?

A

tough supporting wall of the eye

protects the eye from serious damage

27
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

transparent outer layer founded at the front of the eye

it refracts light into the eye

28
Q

What does the iris do?

A

contains muscles that allow it to control the diameter of the pupil and therefore how much light enters the eye

29
Q

What does the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments do?

A

changes the shape of the lens to focus light on the retina

30
Q

What happens to the eye when the light receptors in the eye detect bright light

A
  • reflex is triggered that makes the pupil smaller
  • circular muscles in the iris contract and the radial muscles relax
  • this reduces how much light can enter
31
Q

What happens to the eye when the light receptors in the eye detect dim light

A
  • radial muscles contract

- circular muscles relax which makes the pupil wider

32
Q

What is accommodation?

A

the process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on a near or far object

33
Q

What does the eye do to focus on a near object?

A
  • cilliary muscles to contract
  • suspensory ligaments loosen
  • lens is then thicker and more curved. refracts light stronger
34
Q

What does the eye do to focus on a far object?

A
  • ciliary muscles loosen
  • suspensory ligaments are pulled tight
  • lens is pulled thin and only slightly refracts light rays
35
Q

What are the two common defects of the eye?

A

myopia and hyperopia

36
Q

What is myopia?

how is the eye

A

short-sightedness

  • lens is too curved, distant objects appear blurry
  • eyeball is too long
37
Q

What is hyperopia?

how is the eye

A

long-sightedness

  • lens too flat, cannot refract light enough
  • eyeball to short
38
Q

How is myopia fixed?

A

uses glasses with a concave lens

  • lens curve inwards to correct it so that the light rays focus on the retina
39
Q

How is hyperopia fixed?

A

glasses with a convex lens

  • lens refract light rays so they focus on the retina
40
Q

What are the different types of treatments for the eye?

A
  • spectacle lenses
  • hard and soft contact lenses
  • laser surgery to shape the cornea and add replacement lens
41
Q

What temperature should the body temperature be kept at and why?

A

37 because it is the optimum temperature of enzymes to wor

42
Q

What does the thermonregulatory centre in the brain do?

A

monitors and control body temperature

43
Q

How does the thermoregulatory centre monitor body temperature?

A
  • has a receptor that monitors the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain
  • receives information (impulses) from temperture receptors in the skin
44
Q

What happens when the body temp is too high?

A

1) temperature receptors detect
2) thermoregulatory centre acts as a coordination centre and triggers the effectors
3) blood vessels widen, directing more blood to the surface of the skin (vasodilation)
4) More sweat is produced from the sweat glands and evaporates
5) helps transfers energy from the skin to the environment

45
Q

What happens when the body temp is too low?

A

1) temperature receptors detect
2) thermoregulatory centre acts as a coordination centre and triggers the effectors
3) blood vessels narrow, directing more blood away from the surface of the skin (vasoconstriction)
4) sweating stops. Skeletal muscles uncontrollably contract and relax quickly ( shiver) which transfers more heat to the blood

GCSE AQA 9-1 Biology (for those doing triple) (22 decks)

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