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!) War in Eurasia (Finals) > Mongols > Flashcards

Mongols Flashcards

1
Q

When did Eurasian nomadic herd sizes outgrow the possibility of static grazing?

A

Late 2nd millenium BC

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2
Q

According to the Annals of Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols were ‘good…

A

at riding and archery. Therefore they took possession of the world through this advantage’

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3
Q

What did Mongol commanders do prior to military expeditions?

A

scatter mare’s milk on the ground

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4
Q

When did the Mongols retreat from the Bohemian frontier?

A

1242

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5
Q

In what 1242 retreat did Mongol forces average 40 miles per day?

A

Retreat from the Bohemian frontier

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6
Q

How many miles per day did Mongol average during the 1242 retreat from Bohemia?

A

40

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7
Q

Which words have no native mongolian equivalents?

A

soldier, war, peace

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8
Q

What percentage of the Mongol adult population could be utilised for military service in extremis?

A

75%

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9
Q

What did Mongol men remain under even in peacetime?

A

military discipline

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10
Q

Why did the Mongols not develop a seperate warrior class?

A

No agricultural surplus to support them

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11
Q

When was the Great Kultai?

A

1206

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12
Q

What was the Mongol name for a ten strong unit?

A

arban

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13
Q

What was the Mongol name for a ten thousand strong unit?

A

tumen

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14
Q

What did Chingghis Khan do with his officers?

A

paired juniors with senior mentors

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15
Q

What did Chingghis do to recalcitrant tribes within the army?

A

dispersed them between military units

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16
Q

At what approximate age was Chingghis when his father, Yesugi, died?

A

10

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17
Q

When were the early Mongol campaigns against the Xi Xia?

A

1205-7, 1209

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18
Q

Which Xi Xia cities were the Mongols unable to take in the campaigns of 1205-7, 1209?

A

Ningsia, Lingchow

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19
Q

When was the Battle of Ain Jalut?

A

1260

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20
Q

Whose death in 1259 led to the withdrawal of large numbers of Mongol forces from Palestine?

A

Mongke Khan

21
Q

What did the Mamluks use to defeat the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260?

A

feigned retreat, hilly terrain, wealth of Egyptian holdings

22
Q

When were the two Mongol attempts to invade Japan?

A

1274, 1281

23
Q

What did Kublai Khan order in 1280?

A

the construction of an invasion fleet within a year

24
Q

Which practices served to promote ethnic and linguistic diversity within Mongolian tribes?

A

Wife abduction, tribal intermarriage, polygamy

25
Q

Which four religions were tolerated under the Mongols?

A

Islam, Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity

26
Q

What benefits did Islam, Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity receive under the Mongols?

A

freedom of worship, clergy exempt from taxation

27
Q

In which war were the Mongols welcomed as liberators?

A

Qara Khitan War (1218)

28
Q

Which Qara Khitan usurper attempted to forcibly convert his Muslim population to Buddhism?

A

Kuchluq

29
Q

During which war did the Mongols gain the support of Onggut Turks in border areas?

A

Invasion of the Jin (1211-1234)

30
Q

From whom did the Mongols take their alphabet?

A

Uighurs (submitted in 1209)

31
Q

What was the Mongolian Yam system based on?

A

Uighur and Khitan advisors familiar with the Chinese Yi system

32
Q

At which siege battle did the Mongols use trebuchets and arcuballistae created by Muslim artillerists?

A

Siege of Yangluo Fortress (1275)

33
Q

At which battle did Guo Baoyu’s forces use gunpowder against river fortifications?

A

Battle of the Amu Darya (1220)

34
Q

Which Chinese general led Mongol forces in the Battle of the Amu Darya (1220)?

A

Guo Baoyu

35
Q

In which western campaigns did the Mongols use Chinese siege equipment?

A

North Caucasus (1239-40), Iran (1250s)

36
Q

From which region did the Mongols derive much of their armour?

A

South West Asia

37
Q

Franciscan missionaries recorded the Mongol appreciation of breastplates made by which people?

A

Alan

38
Q

Which Persian word means chainmail?

A

Bagtar

39
Q

Which Mongol word means breastplate?

A

Begder

40
Q

Who wrote about the Mongols ‘conquering, destroying, slaughtering and plundering’?

A

Ibn al-Athir

41
Q

What did Ibn al-Athir describe the Mongols doing?

A

‘conquering, destroying, slaughtering and plundering’

42
Q

Who wrote a dubious account of Chingghis branding captured children on the forehead?

A

Matthew of Paris (Chronica Majora)

43
Q

At which siege did Bayan use incendiary munitions and beheads all defenders?

A

Siege of Shayang (1274)

44
Q

Which cities surrendered shortly following the brutal destruction of Shayang?

A

Xincheng, Fuzhou

45
Q

What happened to the Jin court during the war against the Mongols?

A

Large numbers of defections to the Mongols

46
Q

Which peoples were nominally vassals of the Qara Khitai (but were actually more autonomous) from the late 11th century?

A

Khwarazm

47
Q

What happened to the Khwarazm in the 1190s?

A

Rapidly absorbed territory from the collapsing Seljuk Empire

48
Q

What was the effect of the Khwarazm expansion in the 1190s?

A

Destablisation of the Qara-Khitai, their nominal overlords

49
Q

Which shah of the Khwarazm dispersed all his army and then fled to Khorosan upon the Mongol invasion?

A

Khwarazmshah Muhammed II

!) War in Eurasia (Finals) (4 decks)

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