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!) War in Eurasia (Finals) > Military Divergence > Flashcards

Military Divergence Flashcards

1
Q

Which lecture coined the term ‘military revolution’?

A

Michael Roberts, The Military Revolution: 1560-1660 (1955)

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2
Q

Which book extended the concept of the military revolution to fortification and used it to explain the rise of the west?

A

Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution: Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800 (1988)

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3
Q

Which book coined the term ‘the Great Divergence’?

A

Samuel Huntingdon, Clash of Civilisations and the Remaking of the World Order (1996)

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4
Q

In which battle did Babur defeat the Delhi Sultunate and establish the Mughal Empire?

A

Paniput (1526)

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5
Q

Who defeated the Delhi Sultanate at the Battle of Paniput (1526)?

A

Babur

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6
Q

What weapons did Babur use at the Battle of Paniput (1526)?

A

c.20 cannon, handguns

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7
Q

By the most conservative estimates, how large was the Mughal army in the 17th century?

A

over 1 million men (largest in the world)

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8
Q

Why didn’t Mughal armies develop western style foot drill?

A

Nothern Indian Plain -> continued effectiveness of ranged cavalry -> infantry fighting in open order

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9
Q

Why did the Mughal empire not have standardised equipment?

A

Soldiers were required to provide their own clothing and equipment

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10
Q

In which decade did the Mughals collapse?

A

1710s

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11
Q

What was the standard military model in India following the collapse of the Mughals?

A

A series of non-standardised armies commanded by Jagirs, disbanded after each campaign

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12
Q

Between which years did the land registered for tax purposes increase fivefold in Song China?

A

959-1021

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13
Q

By what percentage did the area of land registered for taxation in Song China increase between 959 and 1021?

A

500%

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14
Q

In 1021, what percentage of Song Chinese tax receipts were spent on the military?

A

75%

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15
Q

How much iron per capita did Song China produce in 1078?

A

1.4kg/capita

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16
Q

By which year was Song China producing 1.4kg iron per capita?

A

1078

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17
Q

In which year does coordinate crossbow volley fire appear in Chinese foot drill manuals?

A

c.800

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18
Q

What tactic appears in Chinese foot drill manuals in c.800?

A

coordinated crossbow volley fire

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19
Q

In which decade did the Song use foot drill, flag and drum communications to defeat a Jin invasion?

A

1130s

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20
Q

What innovations did the Song use against the Jin in 1130s?

A

foot drill, flag and drum communications

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21
Q

By what date were Chinese armies making use of cannon?

A

early 1200s

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22
Q

In what decade did the Portuguese introduce the Arquebus to China?

A

early 1540s

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23
Q

By what decade were the Chinese using Arquebus volley fire?

A

1560s

24
Q

Between which dates did no European ruler lose their throne as a result of inter-state conflict?

A

1500-1790

25
Q

Which economic historian modelled the game theory of European warfare?

A

Philip Hoffman

26
Q

What was the Total Factor Productivity growth for artillery, muskets and pistols in England through the late medieval and early modern period?

A

0.6%

27
Q

By what year were European weapons three times cheaper than Chinese?

A

1600

28
Q

How much cheaper were European than Chinese weapons by the year 1600?

A

three times

29
Q

When was the Sengoku Jidai?

A

1467-1615

30
Q

What innovations were developed in Japan during the Sengoku Jidai?

A

adoption of Arquebus, formation drill

31
Q

Which two explorers were both rejected by the Spanish but were funded by the Portuguese?

A

Columbus and Magellan

32
Q

In what decade did the Chinese recognise the superiority of Western cannon whilst fighting the Portuguese?

A

1520s (Sino-Portuguese War 1521/22)

33
Q

What features of western cannon in the 1500s made them superior to Chinese cannon?

A

longer barrels, higher muzzle velocity

34
Q

In what did year did China enter a century long period of peace?

A

c.1450

35
Q

When was the most peaceful period in Chinese history (900-1900)?

A

1760-1830

36
Q

How many wars against non-nomadic opponents did China fight between 1500-1799?

A

3

37
Q

How many wars did France, Britain, Spain & Austria fight against non-nomadic opponents between 1500-1799?

A

210

38
Q

What natural boundaries did Song China run up against following consolidation in 980?

A

Eurasian Steppe, Alpide Belt

39
Q

What did the Song forbid in 1436?

A

construction of ocean going ships

40
Q

In which year did the Song forbid the construction of ocean going ships?

A

1436

41
Q

When was the Second Sino-Portuguese War?

A

1521/22

42
Q

When did the Chinese begin constructing swivel cannon based on Portuguese designs?

A

1523

43
Q

In which year did Chinese salvage teams recover 26 cannon from the wreck of the Unicorn?

A

1623

44
Q

How many cannon did Chinese salvage teams recover from the wreck of the Unicorn in 1623?

A

26

45
Q

In which year did the Dutch drive the Chinese out from Taiwan?

A

1652

46
Q

In which year did the Chinese use volley fire and riflemen to drive the Dutch out of Taiwan?

A

1661

47
Q

By what year were Portuguese craftsmen founding cannon in India (as a single block)?

A

1506

48
Q

By what year was the Mughal empire buying ammunition from the East India Company?

A

1649

49
Q

From where did the Mughal’s get their handgun designs?

A

Mamluk’s (who got them from Europe)

50
Q

In which year did John Wilkinson invent the cannon lathe?

A

1774

51
Q

In which year were the first carronades produced?

A

1778

52
Q

When was the First Opium War?

A

1839-1842

53
Q

In which year did Ding Gongchen describe steam power?

A

1840

54
Q

Who was the first Chinese person to describe steam power in writing?

A

Ding Gongchen

55
Q

What did Ding Gongchen conclude about China’s ability to produce steam ships?

A

‘the artisans of Guangdong have no machines for making machines’

56
Q

In which year did Joseph Whitworth create machines to measure accurately to within one millioneth of an inch?

A

1840

!) War in Eurasia (Finals) (4 decks)

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