Molecules of the Cell (week one)

Question 1

what are the four classes of molecules?

Answer 1

carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acids

Question 2

polymer formation occurs through:

Answer 2

condensation (dehydration - water is freed)

Question 3

polymers are broken apart through:

Answer 3

hydrolysis (water is consumed)

Question 4

what are polysaccharides (carbs) made up of?

Answer 4

monosaccharides

Question 5

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 5

stored short term energy and used in cellular respiration

Question 6

what are the functions of lipids?

Answer 6

stored long term energy, insulation, protection, cell membrane

Question 7

what are the functions of proteins?

Answer 7

structured support, channels, receptors, enzymes

Question 8

what are the functions of nucleic acids?

Answer 8

DNA, RNA - instructions within our cells

Question 9

which of the 4 macromolecules isn’t a polymer?

Answer 9

Lipids

Question 10

what are some common polysaccharides?

Answer 10

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Question 11

what is the monomer of protein?

Answer 11

amino acids

Question 12

what occurs in the primary structure of proteins?

Answer 12

sequence of amino acids; stabilized by peptide bonds

Question 13

what occurs in the secondary structure of proteins?

Answer 13

caused by hydrogen bonds occurring at amino acids at different points in the sequence (alpha or beta sheets); (R-GROUPS ARE NOT INVOLVED)

Question 14

what occurs in the tertiary structure of proteins?

Answer 14

controlled by R groups; if they’re hydrophilic, they ago outside and if hydrophobic, they sit on inside of protein to avoid water (usually 3-dimensional shape)

Question 15

what occurs in the quaternary structure of proteins?

Answer 15

subunits come together (2 separate sequences of amino acids) interacting at their R groups; stabilized by bonds/interactions between R-groups and peptide-bonded backbone

Question 16

saturated fats are solids because?

Answer 16

acid tails are pin straight allowing for many to pack together tightly

Question 17

unsaturated fats are liquid because?

Answer 17

one of the acid tails has a double bond, which creates a kink (prevents them from packing close together)

Question 18

we describe phospholipids as amphipathic. what does this mean?

Answer 18

a substance has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts (phospholipid bilayer - polar/hydrophilic head, non polar/hydrophobic tail)

Question 19

how are proteins in secondary structure stabilized?

Answer 19

polar interactions between the protein and backbone

Question 20

what is denaturation?

Answer 20

changes in the environment and chemical interactions can alter protein shape.

Question 21

what are steroids?

Answer 21

lipids with extensive ring structures that are found in the cell membrane

Question 22

how do plants store energy?

Answer 22

as sugars (less energy per gram put easier to make/access)

Question 23

how do animals store energy?

Answer 23

as lipids (more energy per gram)

Question 24

what is our main molecule of energy?

Answer 24

ATP

Question 25

how do we harvest energy from ATP?

Answer 25

we break of its terminal phosphate to harvest free energy (ADP+ Pi; energy)