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Quiz 1 - BIOS 110 > Cell Structure and Function (week 2) > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function (week 2) Flashcards

1
Q

why are cells so small?

A

cells are small to maximize surface area and create a high surface area to volume ratio

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells include:

A

bacteria

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3
Q

eukaryotic cells include:

A

animal cells, tissue, plant

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4
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

A

studies organisms in pond water; the first to study microorganisms

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5
Q

1830 Schleiden and Schawaan

A

concluded that all living organisms are made of cells; formed the cell theory of biology

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6
Q

cell theory of biology

A
  1. all living organisms are made up of cells
  2. cell is structural unit of life
  3. cells arise by division
  4. cells can be cultured to produce more cells
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7
Q

what features do all cells have?

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

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8
Q

what are the three types (domains) of cells?

A

Bacteria (prokaryote), archaea (prokaryote), eukarya (eukaryote)

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9
Q

in vitro

A

outside organism or cell

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10
Q

in vivo

A

inside organism or cell

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11
Q

bacteria consists of:

A

mitochondria, chloroplasts, gram, negative/positive bacteria, capsules

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12
Q

archaea consists of:

A

methanogens, hyperthermophiles, extreme halophiles

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13
Q

eukarya consists of:

A

fungi, plants, animals, amoeba

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14
Q

what is the size of bacteria? (earliest cell type)

A

5-10 um

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15
Q

what does bacteria lack?

A

membrane bound organelles

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16
Q

function of capsules (bac)

A

outer sticky protective layer

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17
Q

function of cell wall (bac)

A

rigid structure; helps bacteria maintain its shape

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18
Q

function of plasma membrane (bac)

A

separates cell from the environment

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19
Q

function of nucleoid (bac)

A

where naked DNA is found

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20
Q

function of cytoplasm (bac)

A
  1. semi-fluid cell interior
  2. no membrane bound organelles
  3. metabolic enzymes and site of ribosome synthesis
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21
Q

features of archaea

A
  1. was thought to be bacteria
  2. 5-10 um
  3. lack membrane bound organelles
  4. usually live in extreme environments (thermophiles, halophiles, methanogens)
  5. eukaryote-like gene structures and ribosomes
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22
Q

features of eukaryotes

A

contain membrane-bound organelles, include protists fungi, animals, plants, no capsule

23
Q

what structures occur in plant cells and not animal cells?

A

cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts

24
Q

what structures occur in animal cells and not plant cells?

A

centrioles

25
Q

function of plasma membrane (euk)

A

lipids bilayer, channel proteins, hormone receptors, cholesterol

26
Q

function of cytoplasm (euk)

A

cytosol, organelles, cellular inclusions (everything inside cell, not outside of nucleus)

27
Q

function of nucleus (euk)

A

house of DNA

28
Q

function of nucleolus (euk)

A

site of rRNA (makes ribosomes)

29
Q

function of chromatin (euk)

A

DNA + protein

30
Q

function of pores (euk)

A

how mRNA gets out

31
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum? (euk)

A

highly folded network of membranes

32
Q

function of rough er

A

contains bound ribosomes, protein synthesis

33
Q

function of smooth er

A

little to no bound ribosomes, lipid synthesis, cellular detoxification, stores calcium ions

34
Q

function of Golgi apparatus (euk)

A

the ups plant to get proteins to where they need to be

35
Q

function of lysosomes

A

cell’s recycling center (clean-up crew), digestive enzymes

36
Q

function of the endomembrane system

A

These organelles work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

37
Q

what organelles are part of the endomembrane system?

A
  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
  3. Golgi Apparatus
  4. Lysosomes
    5.Vacuoles & Vesicles
  5. Plasma Membrane
38
Q

what is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein.

39
Q

peroxisomes

A

hydrogen peroxide is very reactive and corrosive (often product of biological oxidation reactions)

40
Q

mitochondria

A
  1. number of them in cells vary
  2. they produce ATP
  3. have their own small chromosome that directs its functions
  4. make their own ribosomes
41
Q

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

A

found in cell mitochondria and contains genetic material only from a mother (XX)

42
Q

nuclear DNA (nuDNA)

A

found in the nucleus of the cell and contains genetic material from both mother and father

43
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as endosymbiotic bacteria that lived inside the ancestors of eukaryotic cells

44
Q

what is some evidence of the endosymbiotic theory?

A
  1. mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA
  2. they are surrounded by 2 or more membranes
  3. both contain ribosomes that are like those found in bacteria
  4. mitochondria have numerous enzymes and transport systems similar to those of bacteria, not eukaryotes
45
Q

what structures make up the mitochondria?

A
  1. matrix (inside inner membrane)
  2. cristae (extensions of the inner membrane)
  3. intermembrane space (between inner and outer membrane)
  4. double membrane
46
Q

what structures make up chloroplasts?

A
  1. thylakoid space (lumen)
  2. thylakoid
  3. geranium (stack of thylakoids)
  4. stroma (inside inner membrane but outside the thylakoids)
47
Q

function of chloroplasts

A

play a key role in photosynthesis

48
Q

function of thylakoids

A

membrane-bound flattened vesicles that absorb sunlight for photosynthesis

49
Q

function of stroma and inner/outer membranes

A

many of enzymes and & pigments necessary for photosynthesis are in membranes; some in stroma

50
Q

what are the three types of cytoskeletal filaments?

A

actin (microfilaments/double helix), intermediate (keratin; thicker cables), and microtubules (hollow tube, alpha and beta tubulin)

51
Q

function of actin filaments

A
  1. maintain cell shape by resisting tension (pull)
  2. move cells via muscle contraction or cell crawling
  3. divide animal cells in two
  4. move organelles and cytoplasm in plants, fungi, animals
52
Q

function of intermediate filaments

A
  1. maintain cell shape by resisting tension (pull)
  2. anchor nucleus and some other organelles
53
Q

function of microtubules

A
  1. maintain cell shape by resisting tension (pull)
  2. move cells via flagella or cilia
  3. move chromosomes during cell division
  4. assist formation of cell plate during cell division
  5. move organelles
  6. provide track for intracellular transport

Quiz 1 - BIOS 110 (5 decks)

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