Molecules Of Cells Flashcards
Compound wIth the Same fOrMula but differEnt structuRal arrangements.
Isomers
An organic compound composed only of the elements CARBON and HYDROgen.
Hydrocarbons
A specific conFigUratioN of atoms Commonly aTtached to the carbon skeletons of organIc mOlecules and iNvolved in chemicAL reactions.
Functional groups
Water-loving; pertaining to polar or charged molecules (or parts of molecules) that are soluble in water.
Hydrophilic
A group that consists of an HYDROgen atom bonded to an oXYgen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeLeton.
Hydroxyl group
A group that consists of a CARBON atom Linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. (Aldehyde-at the end of the chain or Ketone-within the chain.)
Carbonyl group
A group that consists of a CARBOn double-bonded to a oXYgen atom and aLso bonded to a hydroxyl group. (Carboxylic acid)
Carboxyl group
A group that consists of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen and the carbon skeleton.
Amino group
A group that consists of a PHOSPHOrus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms
Phosphate group
A group that consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoMs.
Methyl group
A chemical cOmpound containing the element caRbon and usually the element hydroGen.
Organic compound
On a molecular scale, molecules of three of these classes - carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acid- can be gigantic ; in fact biologists call them this.
Macromolecules
A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomer linked together by covalent bonds.
Polymers
The subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer.
Monomer
A reaction that removes a molecule of water as two molecules become bonded together.
Dehydration reaction
A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by tHe addition of water; process bY which polymers are broken Down and an essential paRt Of digestion.
Hydrolysis
Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions; usually a protein, that sErves as a biological catalyst, changiNg the rate of a chemical reaction.
Enzymes
The ClAss of molecules that Range from small sugar molecules. Such as those dissolved in soft drinks, to large polysaccharides, such as the starch molecules we consume in pasta and potatoes.
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars; the simplest carbohydrate; a simple sugar with a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH2O. They are the monomer of disacharides and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides
A six-carbon monosaccharide that serves as a buildinG bLock for many polysaccharides and whose oxidation in cellUlar respiration is a major source of ATP for cells.
Glucose
A sugar molecule consisting of TWO monosaccharides linked by dehydration reaction.
Disaccharide
Macromolecules, POLYmers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions.
Polysaccharides
A STorage polysaccharide in plants, consists of long chains of glucose monomer. A polymer of glucose.
Starch
An extensively branched GLucose storage polysaccharide found in liver and muscle cells; the animal equivalent of starch.
Glycogen
A six-carbon monosaccharides that serves as a buildinG bLock for many polysaccharides and whose oxidation in cellUlar respiration is a major source of ATP for Cells.
Glucose
A structural polysaccharide of plant CELL walls composed of glucose monomer. THESE molecules are linked by hydrogen bonds into cable like fibrils.
Cellulose
A struCtural polysaccHaride found In many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of arThropods.
Chitin
Diverse group of molecules that are cLassIfied together because they share one trait: they do not mix well with water.
Lipids
A fatty acid that has one or more double bond between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail and thus lacks the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. THESE fats and fatty ACIDS do not solidify at room temperature.
Unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton. THESE fats and fatty ACIDS solidify at room temperature.
Saturated fatty acid
An unsaturated fat linked to healTh risks that is formed artificially during hydrogenation of vegetable oils
Trans fats
A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a PHOSPHate group. Giving the molecule two nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a polar hydrophilic head. THEY form bilateral that function as biological membranes.
Phospholipids
Lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. Examples are cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen.
Steroids
A steroid that is an important Component of animal cell membranes and tHat acts as a precursor mOLecule for thE synthesis of other STEps, such as hoRmones.
Cholesterol
A synthetic vAriant of the male hormone testosterone that mimics some of its effects.
Anabolic steroid
A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more Polypeptides folded into a specific thRee-dimensiOnal sTructurE.
Protein
A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence functions; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature; also refers to the separation of two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors.
Denaturation
An organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an AMINO group; serves as the monomer of proteins.
Amino acids
The covalent BOND between two amino acid units in a polyPEPTIDE, formed by a dehydration reaction.
Peptide bond
A POLYmer (chain) of amino acids linked by PEPTIDE bonds.
Polypeptide
A double stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribonucleic sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (H), and thymine (T). Capable of replicating, IT is an organisms genetic material.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses ). Most of the genes of a eukaryote are located in its chromosomal DNA; a few carried by the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Gene
A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomeRs with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (H), and uracil (U); usually single stranded; functions in protein synthesis, Gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
A building block of NUCLEic acids, consisting of a five carbon sugar bonded to a niTrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups.
Nucleotides
The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands interwounD intO a spiral sHapE.
Double helix
