A Tour Of The Cell Flashcards
The THEORY that all living things are composed of CELLs and that all cells come from other cells
Cell theory
A Microscope that uses magnets to focus an Electron beam through, or onto the surface of, a specimen. An EM achieves a hundred fold greater resolution than a light Microscope.
Electron Microscope (EM)
An optical instrument with lenses that retract or bend visible LIGHT to magnify images and project them into a viewers eye or onto photographic film.
Light microscope (LM)
A Microscope that uses an Electron beam to study the Surface details of a cell or other specimens
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
A microscope that uses an Electron beam to study the inTernal structure of thinly sectioned specimens.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
The MEMBRANE at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier to the Passage of ions and moLecules into and out of the cell; consists of A phoSpholipid bilayer with eMbedded proteins.
Plasma membrane
A tyPe of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelle; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotic cells
A type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelle. All organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of THESE cells.
Eukaryotic cells
The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Cytosol
A gene carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell. THEY consist of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
Chromosomes
A cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells, THESE subunits are constructed in the nucleolus.
Ribosomes
The Contents of a eukarYoTic cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; cOnsists of a semifluid medium and organelles; can also refer to the interior of a Prokaryotic cell.
Cytoplasm
A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated.
Nucleoid
A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The FLAGELLA of prokaryotes and eukaryote differ in both structure and function. Like cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a “9+2” arrangement of microtubules covered by the cells plasma membrane.
Flagella (plural for flagellum)
A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.
Organelles
All the chemical activities of a cell.
Cellular metabolism
(1) An atoms central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made of chromatin.
Nucleus (Nuclei, plural)
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic CHROMosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very exTended form taken by chromosomes when a cell Is Not dividing.
Chromatin
A double membrane that ENCLOSES the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm.
Nuclear envelope
A structure within the NUCLEus where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytOplaSm to make ribosomal subunits.
Nucleolus
A network of mEmbraNes insiDe and surrOunding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
Endomembrane system
A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
Vesicles
An extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough ) and ribosome-free (smooth ) regions. See also rough ER and smooth ER
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
That portion of the Endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
That portion of the Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Glyco, meaning sugar. A PROTEIN with one or more short chains of sugars attached to it.
Glycoprotein
A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cells cytoplasm CARRYING molecules produced by the cell. The Vesicle buds from the Endoplasmic reticulum or Gogli and eventually fuses with another organelle of the plasma membrane, releasing is contents.
Transport vesicle
An orGanelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the Endoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi apparatus
A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest engulfed food and damaged organelles.
Lysosome
An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
Peroxisomes
In a plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth and the storage of chemicals and wastes.
Central vacuole
The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle.
Mitochondrial matrix
An organelle found in plants and algae that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds (sugars) from carbon dioxide and water.
Chloroplasts
The dense fluid within the chloroplast that surrounds the thykaloid membrane and is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. Sugars are made in the stroma by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle.
Stroma
A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and the molecular complexes of the light reactions of photosynthesis. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum.
Thylakoids
A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in a chloroplast. Grana are the sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Granum
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and it’s host cell then evolved into a single organism.
Endosymbiont theory
A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
Cytoskeleton
The thickest of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell ; a hollow tube made of globular proteins called tubulins ; found in cilia and flagella.
Microtubules
A structure found in animal cells from which microtubules originate and that is important during cell division. A centrosome had two centrioles.
Centrosome
An intermediate-sized protein fiber that is one of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments are ropelike, made of fibrous proteins.
Intermediate filaments
The thinnest of the three main kinds of protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell ; a solid, helical rod compound of the globular protein actin
Microfilaments
A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two single microtubules ( the “9+2” arrangement) covered by the cell’s plasma membrane.
Cilia (plural, cilium)
The mesh work surrounding animal cells ; consists of glycoprotein and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
A transmembrane protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton in animal cells.
Integrins
A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists ; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape.
Cell wall
An open channel in a plant cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells.
Plasmodesma (plural Plasmodesmata)
