Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BAMS 1010 > Molecular Regulation And Signaling > Flashcards

Molecular Regulation And Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

What is a genome?

A

This contains all of the information required to make an individual.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a sequence within DNA that codes for proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is chromatin?

A

A complex of DNA and proteins (histones) that genes are contained in.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a nucleosome ?

A

The basic unit of structure of chromatin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleosomes ?

A

To keep DNA tightly coiled so it cannot be transcribed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the coiled inactive state of chromatin called?

A

Heterochromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

Uncoiled state of chromatin in which DNA can be transcribed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are exons?

A

Regions of genes that can be translated into proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are introns?

A

Regions between exams that aren’t translated into proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the region at which RNA polymerase binds to the gene to initiate transcription?

A

Promoter region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is the tata box located?

A

The promoter region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What needs to bind to the promoter in order for RNA polymerase to bind?

A

Helper proteins called transcription factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What domains do transcription factors have?

A

DNA - binding domain and a transactivating domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the purpose of the transactivating domain?

A

This activates or inhibits the transcription op the gene whose promoter or enhancer has it bound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

With other proteins what can transcription factors do?

A

Cause DNA complex to unwind by releasing the polymerase so that it can transcribe DNA. And by preventing new nucleosomes from being formed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are enhancers?

A

Elements of DNA that activate the utilization of promoters to control efficiency as well as the rate of transcription from the promoter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are enhancers on the DNA strand?

A

Anywhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do enhancers work?

A

By altering chromatin to expose the promoter Ar by facilitating birding of The RNA polymerase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are silencers?

A

Enhancers that inhibit transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the methylation of the cytosine bases in promoters cause?

A

Repression of transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Eg. Of DNA methylation.

A

The presence of one inactivated X chromosome in each cell of a female.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is genomic imprinting?

A

The process by which only one gene inherited by mother or father is expressed while the other is silenced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does methylation work?

A

By inhibiting the binding of transcription factors or by altering histone binding stabilizing the nucleosome so that the tightly coiled DNA can’t be transcribed.

24
Q

What is induction?

A

Process by which one group of cells and tissues causes another set of cells and tissues to change their fate.

25
Q

What is an inducer?

A

A cell type or tissue that produces a signal.

26
Q

What is a responder?

A

A cell type or tissue that responds to the signal.

27
Q

What is the capacity to respond to signals?

A

Competence

28
Q

What is a competence factor?

A

Activates the responding tissue.

29
Q

Most common type of inductive interactions?

A

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions

30
Q

What are paracrine interactions?

A

Process by which proteins synthesized by one cell diffuses over short distances to interact with other cells.

31
Q

What are juxtacrine interactions?

A

Interactions that do not involve diffusable proteins.

32
Q

How do paracrine factors work?

A

By signal transduction pathways: by blocking the activity of an inhibitor or by activating the pathway directly.

33
Q

What is a signaling molecule?

A

A ligand

34
Q

What are the parts of the receptor?

A

Extra cellular domain (ligand binding region), transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain.

35
Q

What happens when a ligand binds with a receptor?

A

Causes a change in The receptor that activates its cytoplasmic domain.

36
Q

What happens when kinase uses ATP as a substrate?

A

Causes phosphorylation of proteins that activates them causing a cascade of protein interactions that ultimately activates the transcription factor

37
Q

What are the three ways in which juxtacrine signaling occurs?

A
  1. A protein on one all surface interacts with a receptor on an adjacent cell.
  2. Ligands in the extra cellular matrix secreted by one cell interacts with their receptors on neighboring cells.
  3. Direct transmission of signals from one cell to another via gap junctions.
38
Q

What are the gap junctions made of?

A

Connexin proteins

39
Q

What is another name given to paracrine signaling factors acting as ligands?

A

GDFs

40
Q

What are GDFs used for

A

The regulation of the development and differentiation of organ systems.

41
Q

How many groups of GDFs are there?

A

Four (4)

42
Q

What are the (4) four groups of GDFs?

A

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) , WNT , hedgehog and transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b)

43
Q

What do FGF proteins activate?

A

Tyrosine receptor kinases called fibroblast growler factor receptors

44
Q

What are important for?

A

Angiogenesis, axon growth,mesoderm differentiation.

45
Q

What is fgf 8 important for?

A

Development of The limbs and parts of The brain.

46
Q

What are the three hedgehog genes?

A

Desert, Indian and sonic hedgehog

47
Q

What are WNT proteins involved in?

A

Limb patterning, midbrain development and aspects of urogenital differentiation.

48
Q

What areTGF-b protein members important for?

A

Extra cellular matrix formation, epithelial branching in the lung, kidney and salivary gland development.

49
Q

A type of TGF-b is bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs),what are they important for?

A

Bone formation, regulating cell division, cell death (apoptosis) and cell migration.

50
Q

What is a morphogen?

A

A chemical agent able to cause or determine morphogenesis.

51
Q

An example of a morphogen is?

A

Sonic hedgehog due to the fact that it instructs cells on how to become different tissues and organs.

52
Q

Name ten (10) processes SHH is involved in.

A

Development of vasculature, left-right axis formation, midline, cerebellum, neural patterning, limbs, smooth muscle patterning, kidney, heart, eyes etc

53
Q

What happens when SHH binds to its receptor Patched (Ptc)?

A

When this occurs the activity of Ptc is halted enabling the activation of Smoothened (Smo)

54
Q

What links SHH to the plasma membrane?

A

Cholesterol

55
Q

What is the (PCP) Planar Cell Polarity pathway ?

A

Process by which tissue becomes narrower and longer two examples of this is the neural plate (neuralation) and gastrulation.

BAMS 1010 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions