Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genetics > Molecular genetics tools > Flashcards

Molecular genetics tools Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 tools8

A

Enzymatic tools

Molecular tools

Biological tools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Enzymatic tools

Restriction endonucleases

A
  1. Enzymes that cut double stranded DNA at specific sequences
  2. at a position either within or outside the recognition site.
  3. release cohesive/ sticky ends and blunt ends
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Enzymatic tools
Restriction endonucleases
Sticky ends

A

Eco RI

cuts leaving exposed bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Enzymatic tools
Restriction endonucleases
Blunt ends

A

Smal

no exposed bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Enzymatic tools

5 modifying enzymes

A
  1. Methyltransferases
  2. Nucleases: (DNases, RNases)
  3. DNA ligases
  4. Polymerases: (DNA and RNA polymerases)
  5. Reverse transcriptases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Enzymatic tools
modifying enzymes
Methyltransferases:
4 points

A
  1. Catalyse the transfer of a methyl (CH3) group to DNA bases.
    N6-Methyladenine
    N4-Methylcytosine
    C5-Methylcytosineu
  2. Used to block restriction sites.
  3. Approximately 1% of DNA bases undergo DNA methylation
  4. Involved in different functions: epigenetics.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Enzymatic tools
modifying enzymes
Nucleases:
3 points

A
  1. Enzymes that cleave randomly nucleic acids.
  2. Deoxyribonucleases, DNases: nucleases that cleave single stranded or double stranded DNA.
    Endonucleases: cut inside the sequence.
    Exonucleases: cut from the extremities
  3. Ribonucleases, RNases: nucleases that cut RNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Enzymatic tools
modifying enzymes
DNA ligases:
3 points

A
  1. DNA ligases catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 5’ phosphate of one DNA fragment and the 3’ hydroxyl of another.
  2. 2 types:
    ATP-dependent DNA ligases
    NAD-dependent DNA ligases
  3. T4 DNA ligase is used in cloning to ligate DNA fragments.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Enzymatic tools - modifying enzymes

DNA Polymerases :

3 points

A
  1. They copy a DNA strand into another DNA strand
  2. C-ter [domain]. large fragment: Klenow fragment two functions:

DNA polymerisation: base extension in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

Sequence editing and proofreading repairing mistakes by 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity.

  1. N-ter [domain]. small fragment has: 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Enzymatic tools - modifying enzymes

Three main types of DNA polymerases in bacteria:

5 points

A
  1. DNA pol. I: main enzyme for DNA replication in bacteria. The DNA polymerases used in PCR belong to this group
  2. DNA pol. II: involved in DNA repair
  3. DNA pol. III: involved in DNA replication
  4. Processivity: number of nucleotides added to the new
    strand per second.
  5. Fidelity: rate of errors (wrong nucleotides added).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Enzymatic tools - modifying enzymes

RNA polymerases

4 points

A
  1. They transcribe single stranded DNA into RNA
  2. Prokaryotes:
    The same RNA polymerase produces messenger RNA and non coding RNA (rRNA, tRNA, sRNA).
  3. Eukaryotes:
    RNA polymerase I: Large ribosomal RNAs.

RNA polymerase II: Messenger RNA.

RNA polymerase III: transfer RNA and small RNA.

Mitochondrial and chloroplastic RNA polymerases.

  1. In the lab T7 RNA polymerase is used to produce RNA from cDNA.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Enzymatic tools - modifying enzymes

Reverse Transcriptases

4 points

A
  1. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
  2. Transcribe single-stranded RNA into single-stranded complementary DNA (cDNA).
  3. Used mainly by retroviruses:
    HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
    M-MLV, Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus.
    AMV, Avian Myeloblastosis Virus
  4. In the lab Reverse Transcriptases are used to produce in vitro cDNA from RNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 Molecular tools

A
  1. Vectors
  2. Probes
  3. Oligonucleotides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Molecular tools

Vectors

3 points

A
  1. They are small DNA molecules having regulatory and coding sequences.
  2. Foreign DNA can be inserted into them.
  3. They are used as carriers of foreign DNA into host cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Molecular tools

Vector characteristics:

4 points

A
  1. Origin of replication: replication of the vector, together with the foreign DNA fragment inserted into it.
  2. Genetic markers: selection of cells which have taken up the plasmid DNA.
  3. Multiple cloning site: a site where DNA is inserted
  4. Transfer DNA (some vectors): transfer a gene into a target genome. Vector DNA can be used as a DNA vaccine.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Molecular tools

Vectors - Plasmids:

3 points

A
  1. Double stranded circular bacterial DNA used for molecular cloning to
    amplify or express insert DNA into bacterial hosts.
  2. Phagemids or phasemids:
    DNA cloning vectors derived from phage DNA and
    containing an origin of replication. They are used
    to amplify insert DNA via bacteriophage
    replication into host cells.
  3. Cosmids
    Minimal phage vectors lacking the origin of replication
17
Q

Molecular tools

Vectors - Bacterial Artificial Chromosome: BAC

3 points

A

1.Large DNA vectors engineered from the F plasmid which behaves like a chromosome.

  1. They are used to carry large insert DNA up to 300 Kb and
    are used to create and store genomic libraries.
  2. They are very useful in
    genome studies.
18
Q

Molecular tools

Vectors - Yeast Artificial Chromosome: YAC

2 points

A
  1. YAC vectors act like real chromosomes in yeast
    and can store very long DNA fragments (over 150 kb in size).
  2. Used in genomic studies
19
Q

Molecular tools

Molecular probes

2 points

A
  1. Labelled polynucleotide DNA or RNA fragments, variable in size (100-1000 bp), natural or synthetic.
  2. Used for detection of DNA or RNA targets present in complex samples via hybridization by sequence complementarity.
20
Q

Molecular tools

Oligonucleotides (oligos)

3 points

A
  1. Short (6-60 nucleotides) oligonucleotide sequences.
  2. Single strand oligos: used as primers for DNA and RNA amplification
  3. Double strand oligos: used as adapters that are ligated to DNA fragments to facilitate cloning and other applications.
21
Q

6 Biological tools

A
  1. Bacterial cells
  2. Yeast cells
  3. Insect cells
  4. Plant cells
  5. Bacteriophages
  6. Viruses
22
Q

3 Uses of biological tools

A
  1. Used as hosts to amplify DNA
  2. Used as hosts to store DNA.
  3. Used as vectors to transfer DNA to host organisms.

Genetics (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions