Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 12 > Molecular genetics - DNA > Flashcards

Molecular genetics - DNA Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three components of nucleotides

A

Deoxyribose sugar, Phosphate group, nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are purines?

A

Double ringed structures. Guanine and Adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are purines?

A

Single ringed structures. Thymine, Uracil and Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three bonds on DNA’s backbone?

A

Glycosyl, phosphodiester, hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The 2 DNA strands are ______ but are ______

A

not identical, complementary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do complementary bases bond?

A

Purine to pyrimidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the complementary bases?

A

Adenine to Thymine (or Uracil in RNA), Cytosine to Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

% composition of Adenine is the same as that of Thymine and % composition of Cytosine is the same as that of Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does it mean that DNA strands are antiparallel?

A

The two strands run in opposite directions, one runs 3’ to 5’ and the other 5’ to 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How big is one turn of the helix?

A

3.4nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the distance between nucleotides?

A

0.34

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many nucleotides in one turn of the helix?

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the diameter of the helix?

A

2nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Genome

A

Complete genetic make-up of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gene

A

Basic unit of heredity. Functional units of DNA. The coding sequences for proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nucleoid

A

Structure in prokaryotes that contains the chromosomal DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Regulatory sequence

A

A sequence of DNA that regulates the activity of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is DNA found in prokaryotes?

A

In one circular chromosome, the nucleoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The nucleoid is made of supercoiled DNA. What controls that supercoiling?

A

Topoisomerase I and Topoisomerase II

20
Q

What is the point of antibiotics

A

To inhibit topoisomerase

21
Q

Where is eukaryotic DNA found

A

Nucleus

22
Q

Histone

A

A protein that helps to compact DNA

23
Q

Nucleosome

A

The condensed structure formed when double stranded DNA wraps around an octamer of histone

24
Q

Chromatin

A

Non-condensed form of genetic material made of DNA and proteins. This is how DNA fits in a cell

25
Q

What must DNA be able to do efficiently

A

Replicate with a high degree of accuracy and code for production of proteins by the cell

26
Q

What happens during Mitosis?

A

Cells divide into 2 daughter cells with identical DNA

27
Q

What method of replication does DNA use? Explain it

A

Semi-conservative replication. One strand of the DNA is used to create the second one

28
Q

Explain the initiation phase of DNA replication

A

A portion of the double helix is unwound and the bases are exposed for base pairing

29
Q

Explain the elongation phase

A

2 new strands of DNA are assembled using the parent DNA as a template. New strand and old strand for helices

30
Q

Termination phase

A

Replication process completed & the two strands separate from each other. Replication machine disassembled.

31
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds parent DNA

32
Q

DNA primase

A

Synthesizes DNA primer to generate Okazaki fragments

33
Q

Single Stranded Binding Proteins (SSBPs)

A

Helps to stabilize single-stranded regions of DNA when it unwinds. Prevents annealing

34
Q

Topoisomerase II

A

Relieves strain on parent chain generated by the unwinding of the two strands

35
Q

DNA polymerases

A

Synthesizes new Daughter strands, removes RNA primers and fills the gaps from Okazaki fragments. Proofread new DNA

36
Q

Ligase

A

Joins the ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand fragments

37
Q

Primer

A

Short segment of RNA that is complementary to a part of the 3’ to 5’ DNA template strand and serves as a starting point for additional nucleotides.

38
Q

Replication bubbles

A

There are many origins to DNA replication, which forms many replication forks. They end up looking like bubbles

39
Q

In what direction is DNA synthesized? Why?

A

5’ to 3’ because the enzyme binds to the parent strand at the 3’ end

40
Q

What is the role of DNA polymerase in the elongation phase?

A

To proofread

41
Q

What is the role of ligase in the elongation phase?

A

To stitch together okazaki fragments

42
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Short DNA fragments generated during synthesis of the lagging strand in DNA replication

43
Q

Mismatch repair

A

mechanism for repairing errors made during DNA replication. A group of proteins recognize an error and therefore replace the the nucleotide

44
Q

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have a faster replication rate?

A

Prokaryotes, 1000 nucleotides per second added as opposed to eukaryotes’ 40 nucleotides per second

45
Q

How many polymerase enzymes in prokaryotes?

A

5

46
Q

How many polymerase enzymes in eukaryotes?

A

13

47
Q

Telomere

A

Repetitive section of DNA near the end of each chromosome. This helps to prevent the loss of important genetic information during the replication of linear eukaryotic DNA

Biology 12 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions