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Biology 12 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates composed of?

A

Sugars and their polymers

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2
Q

What are the main elements present in carbohydrates? In what ratio?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (CHO)

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3
Q

What are the 4 functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • Portable energy
  • Energy storage (starch)
  • Building materials (Cellulose, chitin)
  • Cell-cell communication
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4
Q

What is the structure of a carbohydrate?

A

Long carbon chain, hydroxyl group at the end, one carbonyl group

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5
Q

What is the difference between galactose, glucose and fructose ring structures?

A
  • Galactose has the left OH group on top of the H
  • Glucose has the left OH group below the H
  • Fructose forms a pentagon shape
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6
Q

Where is the right OH group in alpha galactose? What about beta galactose?

A

Alpha galactose has the right OH group on the bottom, beta galactose has it on top

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7
Q

Through what process does the joining of carbohydrate monomers occur?

A

Through condensation

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8
Q

2 glucose monomers react to form which disaccharide?

A

Maltose

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9
Q

Where do plants store their excess energy?

A

Starch

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10
Q

What are the two types of starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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11
Q

What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?

A

Amylose is an unbranched alpha glucose polymer that forms a helix shape.

Amylopectin has branches of amylose

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12
Q

What are some characteristics of the two starches?

A

They are insoluble in water because of the really long carbon chains. Held together by london forces primarily.

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13
Q

What is cellulose?

A

The building material of plants. It is made of straight beta glucose polymers. It is fibrous and indigestible so we really shouldn’t eat it.

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14
Q

What is glycogen?

A

An alpha glucose structure with lots of branches, almost looks like a nerve network. It is stored in the cytoplasm, the liver and the muscles. Glycogen stores energy, and is reverted back into glucose when it is needed.

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15
Q

What is chitin?

A

A glucose monomer with a nitrogen on the 2 carbon. Makes up the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans.

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16
Q

What are the four lipids?

A

Steroids, Phospholipids, Fats and Waxes (SPFW)

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17
Q

What is the structure of lipids?

A

Mostly C-H bonds. They always have a carboxyl group at the end of the chain. They are insoluble and hydrophobic

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18
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

A long hydrocarbon chain with zero double bonds and a carboxyl group at the end

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19
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

A long hydrocarbon chain with at least one double bonded C-C bond and a carboxyl group at the end

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20
Q

What is the most common type of lipid?

A

A triglyceride. A glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached via an ester linkage

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21
Q

Where are phospholipids primarily found?

A

In the cell-membrane forming the bi-layer

22
Q

What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

To separate the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid

23
Q

What is the makeup of a phospholipid?

A

A hydrophilic phosphate head with 2 fatty acid tails which are hydrophobic.

24
Q

Which fats are solid at room temperature? Which are liquid?

A

Saturated fats are solid at room temp. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temp

25
Q

What is the structure of a wax?

A

Long chain fatty acid and a long chain alcohol bonded together. The linear, non-polar molecules are close together and form london forces between them

26
Q

What are some characteristics of waxes?

A

They are hydrophobic, firm but pliable

27
Q

What is the structure of a steroid?

A

4 carbon rings bonded together. They have different functional groups

28
Q

What are some functions of waxes?

A

They keep out bacteria and are good for building structures

29
Q

What are some functions of steroids

A

They are used to construct other steroid hormones and to regulate bodily functions

30
Q

How many amino acids can make up a given protein?

A
  1. 12 made by the body nd 8 are essential in our diets
31
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

An amino group, bonded to a carbon atom which is bonded to a carboxyl group. This is all bonded to an R group

32
Q

What does it mean that amino acids are amphiprotic?

A

when dissolved in water, the basic amino group becomes acidic by receiving a H atom. The acidic carboxyl group becomes basic by receiving an OH.

33
Q

How do amino acids create a polypeptide?

A

The amino group reacts with the carboxyl group and bonds together. It’s a condensation reaction

34
Q

What is the 3D shape of a protein called?

A

Its native conformation

35
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A sequence of amino acids

36
Q

How is the structure of a polypeptide determined?

A

It is determined by the DNA through protein synthesis

37
Q

Characteristics of structural proteins, how are they structured

A

Fibrous, Linear. May form strands or sheets. They fulfill structural roles

38
Q

How are globular proteins structured

A

Many polypeptides cause them to form spherical glob shape.

39
Q

What are some functions of globular peptides?

A

Serve as enzymes, membrane proteins, receptors, storage (EMPRS)

40
Q

What is a primary structure of a protein?

A

Simply the amino acid structure. Formed by the nucleotide sequence

41
Q

What is a secondary structure of a protein?

A

This is where the chain coils and folds due to H-bonds. The double bonded O bonds to N-H group 4 peptide bonds away. Forms an alpha helix shape

42
Q

what is a tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Due to repulsion and attraction between the polypeptide and the environment, the protein becomes pleated. Polar amino acids fold towards water and non polar amino acids fold away. It is stabilized by R group interactions

43
Q

What us a quaternary structure of a protein

A

2+ polypeptide sub units bond to form a protein.

44
Q

What makes nucleic acids informational molecules?

A

They store hereditary information that determines all the characteristics of an organism

45
Q

What molecule stores the hereditary information?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA. an RNA copy sends information to the ribosomes of the cell to be copied and turned into functional proteins

46
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

A nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, deoxyribose, and a phosphate group (BDSP)

47
Q

How is a deoxyribonucleotide different from a ribonucleotide?

A

DNA has deoxyribose while RNA has ribose (OH group at C2)

48
Q

What are DNA’s nitrogenous bases?

A

Purines are Adenine and Guanine

(PAG) while pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine

49
Q

What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?

A

Purines are double ringed structures while pyrimidines are single ringed structures

50
Q

How do you tell the purine-pyrimidine bonds apart?

A

A-T forms two hydrogen bonds

G-C forms three hydrogen bonds

51
Q

Why are DNA strands antiparallel?

A

To allow for correct hydrogen bonding

52
Q

What else do nucleotides do?

A

Control the cell’s energy transformation. Adenosine triphosphate is the energy source for cells.

Biology 12 (4 decks)

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