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Biology 12 > Macromolecules 2 > Flashcards

Macromolecules 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an enzyme? What do they do and what are they made of?

A

Biological macromolecule that catalyzes biochemical reactions. They are large protein molecules so they are composed of long amino acid chains folded into particular three dimensional shapes. Can have primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary structures.

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2
Q

Would enzymes be used up in a reaction?

A

Never used up in a reaction as they are catalysts.

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3
Q

What is a turnover number?

A

The number of substrate molecules turned into product/catalytic site/unit time.

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4
Q

What is the turnover number of catalase?

A

40x10^7/ second

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5
Q

What is the turnover number for amylase?

A

18000/second`

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6
Q

What are the three types of enzyme specificity?

A

Absolute, Group and linkage specificities

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7
Q

What is absolute specificity?

A

They enzyme only catalyzes one reaction

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8
Q

What is Group specificity?

A

The enzyme only acts on molecules that have specific functional groups (amino groups, phosphate groups and methyl groups)

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9
Q

What is linkage specificity?

A

The enzyme acts on a particular type of chemical bond regardless of the rest of the molecular structure

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10
Q

How is enzyme efficiency measured?

A

By the turnover number

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11
Q

Characteristics of enzymes? (7)

A
  • Organic molecules
  • Shape is complementary to the shape of their respective substrate
  • Turn substrates into products
  • Never used up
  • do not alter the outcome, only the speed of reaction
  • End in -ase
  • Prefix is related to its substrate or function (lactase catalyzes lactose)
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12
Q

What are enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions called?

A

Hydrolases

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13
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

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14
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction

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15
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A reactant that interacts with the enzyme

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16
Q

What is an enzyme-substrate complex?

A

Combined structure of an enzyme with a substrate bound to the active site

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17
Q

What is the active site?

A

The site on an enzyme where a substrate binds

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18
Q

An active site may… (4)

A
  • Contain amino acid R groups that stretch or bend bonds in a substrate to weaken them
  • Bring two substrates together in the correct position to get them to bond
  • Transfer electrons to and from the substrate to destabilize it and cause it to react
  • add or remove electrons from the substrate to destabilize it and cause it to react
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19
Q

Factors that affect enzyme activity include:

A

Temperature and pH

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20
Q

Enzyme activity increases as substrate concentration ____________

A

increases

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21
Q

What is an inhibitor?

A

A molecule that bonds to the allosteric site or active site of an enzyme

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22
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

The inhibitor interacts with the active site of the enzyme, so the substrate and the inhibitor must compete for the active site. It prevents the reaction from happening

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23
Q

What is non-competitive inhibition/allosteric inhibition?

A

The inhibitor interacts with the allosteric site of the enzyme. The reaction continues normally.

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24
Q

What is the allosteric site?

A

A site on the enzyme that is not the active site. Here, other molecules can interact with and regulate its activity

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25
Q

What is allosteric regulation?

A

Regulation of enzyme activity by activators and inhibitors binding to the allosteric parts of an enzyme

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26
Q

What is an activator?

A

A molecule that binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme and keeps it active or increases enzyme activity

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27
Q

The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer and _____________

A

a mosaic of proteins

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28
Q

True or false, the phospholipids are in fixed place and do not move

A

False, they move freely because of weak intermolecular forces, which means they can quickly repair any ruptures

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29
Q

What are the three factors that affect the fluidity of the cell membrane?

A

Temperature, the presence of double bonds, the length of the fatty acid tail

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30
Q

How is the presence of double bonds significant to the fluidity of the membrane?

A

The more double bonds, the more kinks in the tail and the weaker the london forces.

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31
Q

How is the length of the fatty acid tails significant to the fluidity of the membrane?

A

Longer tails have more intermolecular interactions and therefore stronger london forces

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32
Q

What are the two types of proteins in the cell membrane?

A

Integral and peripheral

33
Q

What is a peripheral protein?

A

Loosely and temporarily attached to the outside of the membrane or integral proteins. They stabilize the membrane by linking with the cytoskeleton

34
Q

What is an integral protein?

A

Proteins embedded in the cell membrane (sodium-potassium pump)

35
Q

What does passive transport mean?

A

The movement of molecules across the membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration. Does not need energy

36
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference of concentration of a solute between ICF and ECF

37
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of ions or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.

38
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Water always goes to the hypertonic solution. NOTE: it is the water that moves not the solute!

39
Q

Explain the meaning of hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic

A

Hypertonic means it has a higher osmotic pressure and therefore has a higher concentration of solute.
Hypotonic has a lower osmotic pressure and therefore has a lower concentration of solute.
Isotonic means that both sides of the membrane have the same concentration so there is no net movement of water (water is moving in and out of the membrane at the same rate)

40
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Diffusion where ions and molecules are helped across the membrane via a membrane protein. Can be a channel protein or a carrier protein

41
Q

Channel protein

A

Forms a channel across the membrane. Allows specific molecules to cross over. Can either remain open always or close depending on voltage or hormones

42
Q

Carrier protein

A

Binds to specific particles to carry them across the membrane. They have a lower rate of diffusion because of limited carrier sites

43
Q

What are the five factors that affect diffusion?

A

Time, Concentration, Temperature, Distance/thickness of membrane, Type of molecule (lipid-soluble is more likely to cross)

44
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transport of a solute across the membrane against the gradient. Uses energy, ATP. Is facilitated by proteins that act as pumps

45
Q

Primary active transport

A

Uses ATP directly, as in the hydrolysis of ATP causes a phosphorus to bind to the protein to activate it and change its shape

46
Q

Example of Primary Active transport

A

Sodium-potassium pump. Open to the inside and allows three Na+ ions to bind to it. It becomes phosphorylated by ATP and then opens to the outside where it releases the Na and allows K+ ions to bind to it to bring them inside the cell.

47
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Uses an electrochemical gradient as the source of energy to power it.

48
Q

Example of secondary active transport

A

Hydrogen sucrose pump. Hydrogen is pumped out of the cell using ATP as the source to make electrochemical gradient. Sucrose binds to the pump along with H+ ions. This creates energy to pump Sucrose into the cell.

49
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Combination of concentration gradient and electric potential across a membrane

50
Q

Membrane assisted transport

A

Transport method used to move materials that are too large across the cell membrane through carrier or channel protein

51
Q

Endocytosis

A

Membrane engulfs material from outside the cell to form a vesicle and bring it inside

52
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Endocytosis of solid matter where the cell forms vacuoles out of the vesicles and fuses them with lysosomes to digest the material

53
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking, endocytosis of liquid

54
Q

Exocytosis

A

A vesicle fuses with the cell membrane to dump its contents.

55
Q

Role of golgi apparatus

A

Packages and distributes proteins, lipids and other substances. Packages and sorts contents of the vesicles for exocytosis

56
Q

Cell wall

A

Found outside membrane of plant cells. Prevents lysis, thick and rigid.

57
Q

Cell membrane

A

Found in all cells. Made of phospholipids and proteins. Controls movement of substances across it

58
Q

Nucleus

A

Found inside cytoplasm. Largest organelle. Contains all genetic info to control cell activity

59
Q

Nucleolus

A

Inside nucleus. Contains RNA to make ribosomes

60
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Surrounds nucleus. Controls movement of materials between the cytoplasm and the inside of the nucleus

61
Q

Chromatin

A

Inside nucleus. Hereditary material

62
Q

Chromosome

A

Inside nucleus. Coiled up chromatin. Used to allow DNA to be replicated

63
Q

Centriole

A

Nucleus of animal cells. Forms flagella and cilia, aids in mitosis

64
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Found throughout cytoplasm. 2 membranes, inner membrane folded into cristae. This allows for a high surface area for enzyme complex reactions. Produces ATP

65
Q

ribosome

A

Attached to cytoskeleton, connected to rough ER. Large and small subunits. Used for protein synthesis and rough ER ribosomes make proteins for golgi apparatus

66
Q

ER

A

Throughout cell, folded membranes. Transportation of materials. Large surface area for chemical reactions, separates material from rest of cell.

67
Q

Rough ER

A

Ribosomes embedded on surface. Protein synthesis. Proteins processed and modified by enzymes on inner surface

68
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes. Process macromolecules like lipids. Forms vesicles

69
Q

Golgi body

A

Around Nucleus and ER. Layered membrane. Fuses with vesicles from ER and completes processing of proteins and packages materials for vesicles. Produces lysosomes

70
Q

Lysosome

A

Throughout cytoplasm. Digestive enzymes and enzyme storage. Breaks down structures and macros. Recycles organelles

71
Q

Vacuole

A

Water and waste storage, support for plant cells

72
Q

Chloroplast

A

Only in plant cell. Site of photosynthesis

73
Q

Peroxisome

A

Cytoplasm. Contains strong enzymes. Breaks fatty acid chains and detoxifies alcohols.

74
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Everywhere in cell. Organizes the location of organelles and allows for their movement.

75
Q

Microtubules

A

Thin clear tubes throughout cell. Can be disassembled. Act as tracks for organelles to move. Forms spindle fibers and centrioles. Also forms flagella and cilia

76
Q

Centrosome

A

Outside nucleus. 2 cylinders at a right angle. Co-ordinates the activity of spindle fibers. Forms flagella and cilia

77
Q

Central vacuole

A

Cytoplasm. Supports plant cell, storage.

78
Q

Plastids

A

Cytoplasm. Photosynthesis, storage for starches, lipids, proteins. Gives plants their colour.

Biology 12 (4 decks)

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