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Zoology > Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

scientists;

credited with determining structure of DNA

A

Watson + Crick

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2
Q

scientists;

used x-ray crystalography to support the double helix model of DNA

A

Franklin + Wilkins

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3
Q

scientists;

proved semiconservative model of DNA

A

Meselson + Stahl

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4
Q

scientists;

speciation

A

Dozhanksy + Mayr

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5
Q

scientist;

scottish reproductive biologist who cloned the sheep “Dolly”

A

Wilmut

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6
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Codon vs. Genetic Code

A

BOTH –> part of the DNA strand

CODON –> 3 nitrogen bases working together to produce an amino acid

GEN CODE –> made up of all of the codons together

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7
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Codon vs. Anticodon

A

BOTH –> sequence of 3 nucleotides that form a unit of genetic code

CODON –> in messenger RNA (mRNA)

ANTI –> in transfer RNA (tRNA)

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8
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Start Codon vs. Stop Codon

A

BOTH –> sub-steps of translation

START –> initiates translation (AUG)

STOP –> terminates translation (UAA, UAG, UGA)

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9
Q

Compare + Contrast:

DNA Polymerase vs. DNA Ligase

A

BOTH –> enzymes involved in DNA replication

POLYM –> adds nucleotides on the leading strand

LIGASE –> binds okazaki fragments together to form the lagging strand

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10
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Leading Strand vs. Lagging Strand

A

BOTH –> parts of the replication fork

LEAD –> continuous, formed quicker

LAG –> discontinuous (fragments formed), forms slower

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11
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Introns vs. Exons

A

BOTH –> codons

IN –> useless DNA codons

EX –> codons for amino acids

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12
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Transcription vs. Translation

A

BOTH –> parts of protein synthesis

TRANSCRIP –> copies genetic code of DNA onto strand that can leave nucleus, produces mRNA, introns removed, occur in nucleus

TRANSLAT –> occurs in 3 steps - initiation, elongations, termination; protein is synthesized from mRNA, occurs in ribosome

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13
Q

Compare + Contrast:

mRNA vs. tRNA vs. rRNA

A

ALL –> types of RNA

mRNA –> produces by transcription, copy of the genetic code (DNA)

tRNA –> contains amino acids to be assembled into polypeptide during translation

rRNA –> makes up structure of ribosome

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14
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Mutation vs. Mutagen

A

BOTH –> affect the genetic code

MUTATION –> an unplanned change in the genetic code

MUTAGEN –> causes mutations (UV, x-rays, chemicals)

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15
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Point Mutation vs. Frameshift Mutation

A

BOTH –> changes in the genetic code

POINT –> one base is changed

FRAME –> many bases are changed (insertion/deletion)

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16
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Transitions vs. Transversions

A

BOTH –> point mutations

TRANSITIONS –>

  • purine is converted to purine (AG)
  • pyridamine is converted to pyridamine (CT)

TRANSVERSIONS –>

  • purine is converted to pyridamine
  • pyridamine is converted to purine
17
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Missense vs. Nonsense vs. Neutral Mutations

A

ALL –> results of point mutations

MISS –> mutation produces codon for a different amino acid

NON –> no substitute amino acid produced; synthesis stops (nothing produced)

NEUTRAL –> an exact substitution is produced; no effect

18
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Genetic Engineering vs. Biotechnology

A

BOTH –> have to do with recombinant DNA

GEN. ENG. –> forms recombinant DNA; genes from one individual are inserted into another individual

BIOTECH. –> using recombinant DNA to form new products

19
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Gene Pool vs. Genetic Drift

A

BOTH –> refer to the genetic make up of a population

POOL –> all of the genes in a population

DRIFT –> exchanging of genes with other members within a population

20
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Species vs. Speciation

A

BOTH –> regarding individuals who vary genetically but are able to interbreed

SPECIES –> individuals with similarities and differences found in the same location at the same time, and are able to interbreed

SPECIATION –> process of producing a new species due to barriers

21
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Allopatric vs. Sympatric

A

BOTH –> types of speciation

ALLO –> physical barriers cause formation of new species (ex. rivers, roads, etc.)

SYMP –> genetic barriers cause formation of new species

22
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Prezygotic vs. Postzygotic

A

BOTH –> types of sympatric speciation

PRE –> barriers occur before mating

POST –> barriers occur after fertilization

23
Q

Compare + Contrast:
Microevolution
vs.
Macroevolution

A

BOTH –> change with time

MICRO –> changes within a species

MACRO –> change of one species into another

24
Q

Compare + Contrast:
Artificial Selection
vs.
Bottleneck Effect

A

BOTH –> processes of evolution

ART –> the breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits

BOT –> a dramatic reduction in population size leads to reduced genetic variability

25
Q

Compare + Contrast:
Phyletic Gradualism
vs.
Punctuated Equilibrium

A

BOTH –> rates of change

PHYL –> continuously slow rate of change (occurs most often)

PUNCT –> rapid bursts of change with long periods of quiet

26
Q

Listing:

Characteristics of Macroevolution (6)

A
  1. Slow rates of change
    - phyletic gradualism
    - punctuated equilibrium
  2. Adaptive radiation
  3. Mass extinction
  4. Replacement
  5. Directional (trends in fossil record)
  6. Vestigial structures (useless features that link evolutionary events)
27
Q 
Listing:
Chromosomal Changes (4 types)
A
  1. Translocation - segment of one chromosome breaks off and is transferred to another chromosome
  2. Deletion - chromosome loses a fragment; causes one or few genes to be lost
  3. Inversion - the order of the genes in the chromosome will change
  4. Duplication - a section of DNA is duplicated/copied
28
Q

Listing:

Recombinant DNA outcomes (2 with subcategories)

A
  1. Harvesting large quantities of genes
    - pest control
    - bioremediation (using bacteria to clean up biohazards - ex. oil)
    - DNA fingerprinting
    - Genetic studies
  2. Harvesting large quantities of protein
    - disease treatment
29
Q

building blocks of genetic material; made up of phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogen base

A

Nucleotide

30
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

A - T (U)

C - G

31
Q

two strands of DNA; keep one original strand and make one new strand

A

Semiconservative

32
Q

three nitrogen bases working together to produce an amino acid

A

Codon

33
Q

fixed point where double strand of DNA is separated into single strands

A

Replication fork

34
Q

enzyme that causes the unwinding of DNA; separates double stand of DNA into single strand

A

DNA Topoisomerase (DNA Helicase)

35
Q

Discussion:
Mechanism of DNA Replication:
4 enzymes with steps

A
  1. DNA Topoisomerase (Helicase) separates the double strand of DNA into single strands - forming the replication fork
  2. DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides continuously to the leading strand
  3. RNA Polymerase forms pieces in the cytoplasm called okazaki fragments; RNA Primers located on fragments to ensure fragments are arranged in correct order
  4. DNA Ligase binds okazaki fragments togther to form the new lagging strand

Zoology (8 decks)

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