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Zoology > Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

the division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

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2
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

A

BOTH –> nuclear division

MITOSIS –> occurs in all body cells to produce somites which are cells identical to parent cell

MEIOSIS –> occurs is gonads to produce gametes which are cells unlike the parent cell

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3
Q

body cells

A

somites (somatic cells)

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4
Q

sex cells (egg + sperm)

A

gametes

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5
Q

Cell Cycle:

Interphase

A
  • when cell is NOT dividing (90-95% of cycle - most of time)

* NOT a step of nuclear division

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6
Q

Compare + Contrast:

G1 vs. S vs. G2

A

ALL –> stages of Interphase
a. G1 - (gap-1) daughter cell doubles in size (grows to size of parent cell)

b. S - (synthesis) chromatin replicates
c. G2 - (gap-2) growth occurs, centrioles replicate; anticipating nuclear division

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7
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS:

A

a. Early + Late Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Early + Late Anaphase
d. Early + Late Telophase, Cytokinesis

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8
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS:

1. Early + Late Prophase

A

EARLY:

  • spindle forms
  • no nuclear membrane

LATE:

  • chromosomes move inward
  • no nuclear membrane
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9
Q

3D array of fibers which are transport vehicles for chromosomes

A

Spindle / Spindle Fibers

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10
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Kinetochore vs. Non-Kinetochore

A

BOTH –> spindle fibers

KIN –> spindle fibers that DO contain chromosomes

NON-KIN –> spindle fibers that do NOT contain chromosomes

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11
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Chromosomes vs. Chromatids vs. Centromere

A

ALL –> involved in nuclear division in mitosis + meiosis

CHROMOSOMES –> one chromosome made up of two chromatids

CHROMATIDS –> two chromatids make up one chromosome

CENTROMERE –> place where two chromatids attach

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12
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS:

2. Metaphase

A

chromosomes align at the midline of spindle

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13
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS:

3. Early + Late Anaphase

A

EARLY:

  • only haploid event in mitosis
  • chromosomes break apart into chromatids

LATE:
*chromatids move apart and replicate into chromosomes

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14
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS:

4. Early + Late Telophase

A

EARLY:
*chromosomes reach the poles

LATE:

  • nuclear membrane forms
  • chromatin material
  • midline constriction
  • CYTOKINESIS –> contents of cell split equally between cells (@ end of late telophase)
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15
Q

DIFFERENCES IN MEIOSIS STAGES:

Prophases I

A
  • synapsis (alignment) of homologous (same set) chromosomes

* chiasmata occurs (crossing over)

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16
Q

the alignment of chromosomes

A

synapsis

occurs in prophase I of meiosis

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17
Q

paired chromosomes in sets of two that carry same traits and are located at same place

A

homologous chromosomes

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18
Q

crossing over; the exchange of genetic material

A

chiasmata

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19
Q

a cell that divids by meiosis to form gametes

A

meiocytes, gametocytes

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20
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Chromatids vs. Tetrad

A

BOTH –> contain genetic material, relate to chromosome make-up

CHROM –> two chromatids make up one chromosome

TETRAD –> group of four chromatids make up one set of homologous chromosomes

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21
Q

DIFFERENCES IN MEIOSIS STAGES:

Anaphase I + Anaphase II

A

ANAPHASE I:
*reduction division

ANAPHASE II:
*equatorial division

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22
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Reduction division vs. Equatorial division

A

BOTH –> occur in anaphase stage of meiosis

RED –> tetrads separate into duplicated chromosomes

EQU –> duplicated chromosomes separate into chromatids (single chromosomes)

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23
Q

sex

A

syngamy

24
Q

1st diploid cell, formed by fertilization of haploid sperm + egg during syngamy

A

zygote

25
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Gametes vs. Somites

A

BOTH –> types of cells

GAM –> sex cells (egg + sperm), haploid, produced by meiosis

SOM –> body cells, diploid, produces by mitosis

26
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Gametes vs. Zygote

A

Both –> egg cell

GAM –> sex cell, haploid

ZYG –> fertilized egg cell, diploid

27
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Diploid vs. Haploid

A

BOTH –> refer to number of chromosomes in a cell

DIPLOID –> contains full number of chromosomes, 46 in humans

HAPLOID –> contains half number of chromosomes, 23 in humans

28
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Synapsis vs. Chiasmata

A

BOTH –> occur in prophase I of meiosis

SYN –> the alignment of homologous chromosomes

CHIA –> crossing over; the exchange of genetic material

29
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Mitosis vs. Interphase

A

BOTH –> parts of cell cycle

MIT –> type of nuclear division that occurs in all body cells to produce somites which are identical to parent cell

INT –> stage when cell is NOT dividing

30
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Mitosis vs. Cytokinesis

A

BOTH –> types of cell division

MIT –> type of nuclear division that occurs in all body cells to produce somites which are cells identical to parent cell

CYTO –> division of the cytoplasm

31
Q

first organism used in genetic studies

A

garden pea

32
Q

scientist;

studied variation/inheritance in garden peas

A

Scientist:

Mendel

33
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Genes vs. DNA

A

BOTH –> genetic material

GENE –> a location on chromosome that carries information about ONE trait; made up of DNA

DNA –> makes up genes

34
Q

scientist;

discovered the importance of chromosomes in heredity

A

Scientist:

Sutton + Boveri

35
Q

scientist;

discovered that a gene is a discrete chromosome locus and is the unit of heredity

A

Scientist:

Morgan

36
Q

organism most commonly used in genetic studies

A

fruit fly

37
Q

a location on a chromosome

A

locus

38
Q

genes on homologous chromosomes that carry information for the same trait (at same location)

A

alleles

39
Q

type of inheritance;

multiple interactions between many genes

A

Polygenic Inheritance

40
Q

Compare + Contrast:
Law of Equal Segregation
vs.
Law of Independent Assortment

A

BOTH –> Mendel’s laws

EQUAL SEG. –> homologous chromosomes separate to form gametes

IND. AS. –> every possible combination of genes has a chance of occuring

41
Q

one allele is not completely expressed over the other; resulting in a third phenotype which is combination of the phenotypes of both alleles

A

incomplete dominance

42
Q

Compare + Contrast:
Homozygous
vs.
Heterozygous

A

BOTH –> type of gene expression

HOMO –> gene alleles are exactly the same
-ex. BB, bb

HETERO –> gene alleles are different
-ex. Bb

43
Q

Compare + Contrast:
Homogametic
vs.
Heterogametic

A

BOTH –> refer to gamete production

HOMO –> producing the same type of gamete with respect to sex chromosomes (XX)

HETERO –> having two unlike gametes (XY)

44
Q

Compare + Contrast:
Dominant
vs.
Recessive

A

BOTH –> types of gene expression

DOM –> produces a dominant phenotype in individuals who have one copy of the dominant allele

REC –> to produce a recessive phenotype, the individual must have two copies of recessive allele

45
Q

Compare + Contrast:
Genotype
vs.
Phenotype

A

BOTH –> refers to the coding and expression of genes

GENO –> the actual set of genes an organism carries
-ex. BB, Bb, bb

PHENO –> the visible/expressed trait
-ex. brown eyes, blue eyes, hazel eyes

46
Q

Compare + Contrast:
Autosomes
vs.
Sex Chromosomes

A

BOTH –> types of chromosomes

AUTO –> any chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome (chromosomes 1-22)

SEX C –> a chromosomes involved with determining the sex of an organism (chromosome 23)

47
Q

two genes located on the same chromosome

A

dihybrid

48
Q

an individual that is completely normal but possesses a gene that can be passed on to offspring

A

carrier

49
Q

chromosomes that do NOT separate during meiosis

A

non-disjunction

50
Q

result of non-disjunction;

produces mostly normal females with menstrual irregularities + occasional learning disabilities

A

XXX = triplo-x

51
Q

result of non-disjunction;

produces infertile female with normal intelligence

A

XO = Turner’s Syndrome

52
Q

result of non-disjunction;

produces sterile male, sometimes slow learners, longer arms/legs, breast development

A

XXY = Klinefelter’s Syndrome

53
Q

result of non-disjunction;

lethal, non-viable offspring, aborted

A

YO

must have X chromosome for survival

54
Q

result of non-disjunction;

produces individual taller than average, persistent acne, learning disabilities, controversially linked with violence

A

XYY = Jacob Syndrome

55
Q

non-disjunction of chromosome 21;

occurance is linked with age of mother

A

Down Syndrome

Zoology (8 decks)

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