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Zoology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

smaller units combined to make larger units

A

Hierarchy

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2
Q

Life originating from non-living material

ex. garbage –> rats
rotting food –> flies
mud –> frogs

A

Spontaneous Generation

Abiogenesis

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3
Q

life originating from life

A

Biogenesis

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4
Q
  • microscope
  • sends light thru object
  • image is inverted
A

Compound Light Microscope

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5
Q
  • microscope
  • bounces light off object
  • object has same orientation as on stage
A

Dissecting Scope

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6
Q
  • microscope
  • electrons are passed thru thin sections of object
  • higher magnification due to resolution
  • non-living material only
A

Transmission Electron Microscope

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7
Q
  • microscope
  • electrons are bounced off the object’s surface
  • non-living material only
A

Scanning Electron Microscope

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8
Q
  • year

* cell theory created by Schleiden + Schwann

A

1838

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9
Q
  • year

* cell theory created by Virchow

A

1858

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10
Q
  • year

* Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation; proves biogenesis

A

1865

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11
Q

Scientist:

Hooke

A
  • discovered and coined the term “cells”

* developed 1st microscope

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12
Q

Scientist:

van Leeuwenhoek

A

1st to observe and describe micro organisms which he referred to as “animalcules”

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13
Q

Scientist:

Aristotle

A

one of the first scientists to believe spontaneous generation did NOT occur in higher level organisms

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14
Q

Scientist:

Redi

A

disproved spontaneous generation (by observing maggot development in opened and closed meat containers) but was DENIED by scientific community

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15
Q

Scientist:

Needham

A

thought to have proved existence of spontaneous generation but used erroneous method (with errors)

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16
Q

Scientist:

Spallanzani

A

redid Needham’s experiment correctly to disprove spontaneous generation

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17
Q

Scientists:

Schleiden + Schwann

A

created cell theory that states all life is composed of cells

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18
Q

Scientist:

Virchow

A

created cell theory that states all cells come from pre-existing cells

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19
Q

Scientist:

Pasteur

A
  • credited with disproving spontaneous generation

* created flask that gathered microbes in neck

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20
Q

Scientist:

Margulis

A

created endosymbiont hypothesis

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21
Q

Scientists:

Uzzell + Spolsky

A

created membrane invagination hypothesis

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22
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

A

BOTH –> types of cells

PRO –> does NOT contain a membrane bound nucleus
-Kingdom Monera

EUK –> contains a membrane-bound nucleus
-Kingdom Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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23
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Endosymbiont vs. Membrane Invagination Hypothesis

A

BOTH –> refer to the origin of the eukaryotic cell

ENDO –> accepted; larger cell engulfed a smaller, simpler cell which became the membrane-bound nucleus

MEMB –> rejected; membrane folded in on itself and produced membrane-bound organelles

24
Q

Major Cell Structures + Functions

4

A
  1. Cell Wall - found in plants, algae, and prokaryotes only
  2. Cell (plasma) Membrane - found in all cells, outer boundary of cell that separates internal processes from environment, contains receptors for external molecules that alter cell’s function
  3. Cytoplasm - found in all cells, portion of cell outside of nucleus, contains organelles
  4. Nucleus - found in eukaryotes only, control center of cell, contains genetic material (DNA)
25
Q

Cell Structures:

Protoplasm

A
  • colorless substance that is the living part of cells

* contains cytoplasm and nucleus

26
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

According to this model, a membrane is…

  • a double layer of proteins and phospholipids
  • fluid (rather than solid)
27
Q

Scientists:

Singer + Nicolson

A

developed the Fluid Mosaic Model

28
Q

Transmembrane Proteins

A
  • permanently attached to membrane
  • span entirety of membrane
  • function as gateways to permit transport of specific substances across membrane
29
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

*membrane proteins temporaily attached to the outer membrane surface

30
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

two layers of phospholipid molecules

31
Q

“water attracting”

*heads

A

Hydrophilic

32
Q

“water dreading” - repell water

*tail

A

Hydrophobic

33
Q

“little organs”

*smaller structures inside the cell that perform specific functions

A

Organelles

34
Q

Organelles Structure + Function:

Mitochondria

A

Structure -

  • double membrane
  • cristae - increases surface area
  • matrix - contains ribosomes + DNA

Function - converts energy to usable form

35
Q

Organelles Structure + Function:

Ribosomes

A

Structure - free moving or attached to ER

Function - site of protein synthesis

36
Q

Organelles Structure + Function:
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
(Smooth + Rough)

A

Structure - extensive system extending thru cytoplasm from membrane to nuclear envelope

Function - storage + internal transport

  • Smooth –> makes lipids
  • Rough –> site for attachment of ribosomes
37
Q

Organelles Structure + Function:
Golgi Apparatus
(Golgi Complex)

A

Structure - stacks of dislike membranes

Function - sorts and packages synthesized products

38
Q

Organelles Structure + Function:

Lysosome

A

Structure - membrane-bound sphere

Function - site of digestion

39
Q

Organelles Structure + Function:

Cytoskeleton

A

Structure - interconnecting microtubules + microfilaments

Function - assists in cell movement, provides support

40
Q

Structures of the Cytoskeleton

5

A
  1. microfilaments (actin filaments) - give shape to the cell and support all of its organelles
  2. intermediate filaments - group of protein fibers that help maintain cell shape + spatial organization of organelles
  3. microtubules - assist in movement of organelles + DNA in cell division
  4. centrioles - involved with chromosome movement during cell division
  5. cilia + flagella - elongated appendages used to propel the cell
41
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Chromatin vs. Chromosomes

A

BOTH –> genetic material

CHROMATIN –> uncoiled mass of chromosomes

CHROMOSOMES –> tightly coiled segments of DNA

42
Q

Structures of the Nucleus:

2

A
  1. Nucleolus - does not have a membrane, present in non-dividing cells
  2. Nuclear Envelope - membrane that separates nucleus from cytoplasm
    * pores - allow material to enter/leave nucleus
43
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Passive Processes vs. Active Processes

A

BOTH –> types of transportation into/out of cell

PASSIVE:

  • require no energy input
  • movement from high to low concentration
  • types: a. simple diffusion
    b. facilitated diffusion
    c. osmosis
    d. filtration

ACTIVE:

  • requires energy (ATP)
  • movement from low to high concentration
  • types: a. active transport
    b. transport involving vacoles
44
Q

Types of Passive Processes

4

A
  1. simple diffusion - movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is achieved
  2. facilitated diffusion - transport proteins in membrane bind with molecules to help them pass across membrane
  3. osmosis - water molecules diffuse across membrane from high to low concentration
  4. filtration - movement due to a pressure gradient
45
Q

Isotonic,
hypertonic,
hypotonic solutions

A

ISO –> at equilibrium, no net change in water movement

HYPER –> solution has higher solute conc. than cell, water leaves cell

HYPO –> cell has higher solute conc. than cell, water enters cell

46
Q

water leaves the cell causing the cell to shrink/shrivel

A

Crenation

47
Q

water enters the cell, causing the cell to burst

A

Lysis

48
Q

Types of Active Processes

2

A
  1. active transport - proteins in membrane bind with molecules to cross membrane against concentration gradient (L–>H), requires energy
  2. transport involving vacuoles - bulk movement of large molecules into/out of the cell that can not be transported thru the membrane
    - endocytosis (phago-, pino-)
    - exocytosis
49
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A
  • example of active transport

* helps maintain high conc. of potassium ions + low conc. of sodium ions inside nerve cells

50
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis

A

BOTH –> bulk movement of large molecules across the cell membrane

ENDO –> membrane envelopes molecules and moves them into cell

EXO –> vesicles fuse with membrane to move/release molecules out of cell

51
Q

Compare + Contrast

Phagocytosis vs. Pinocytosis

A

BOTH –> movement of molecules into the cell

PHAGO –> “cellular eating”; intake of solid material into cell

PINO –> “cellular drinking”; intake of small droplets of fluid into cell

52
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Cilia vs. Flagella

A

BOTH –> elongated appendages used to propel the cell

CILIA –> short, many (hundreds) per cell

FLAGELLA –> longer, fewer (1-8) per cell

53
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Actin Filaments vs. Microtubules

A

BOTH –> structures of cytoskeleton

AF –> give shape to cell and support organelles

MT’s –> assist in movement of organelles and DNA during cell division

54
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Transmission Electron vs. Scanning Electron Microscope

A

BOTH –> types of microscopes used to observe non-living material

TEM –> electrons are passed thru thin sections of object

SEM –> electrons are bounced off object’s surface

55
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Rough ER vs. Smooth ER

A

BOTH –> both part of ER which functions as storage and internal transport

ROUGH –> site for attachment of ribosomes

SMOOTH –> makes lipids

56
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Nucleus vs. Nucleolus

A

BOTH –> contain genetic material

NUCLEUS –> has a membrane

NUCLEOLUS –> lacks a membrane

Zoology (8 decks)

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