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Bio 30 > Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading strand

A

the strand that has no fragments, the DNA poly can move from 5 to 3 continuously

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2
Q

Hershey + Chase

A

DNA transfer through virus

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3
Q

Rules of Elongation

A

DNA POLY can only move from 5’ to 3’

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4
Q

Review of proteins

A

made of AA chains, as strucutres increase, more folding, more complexity

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5
Q

PCR

A

creates many copies of DNA from small amount

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6
Q

types of RNA

A

mRNA - forms code for ribosomes

tRNA- attached to AA with anticodon

rRNA - makes of ribosomes

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7
Q

2 steps of protein synthesis

A

Transcription
Translation

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8
Q

What are the 4 steps of DNA replication

A

Initiation
Elongation
Proofreading
Termination

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9
Q

Double helix

A

Anti-parallel structure, one strand is upside down

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10
Q

Anti-sense strand

A

Strand that is sued in transcription because it contains the gene

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11
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA molecule with genetic material from different sources

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12
Q

What are mutations

A

permanent change in genetic material

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13
Q

Genetic code

A

DNA has genes and areas of non-coding DNA

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14
Q

Avery + Macleod+ McCarty

A

Show DNA is hereditary material

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15
Q

Serious mutation

A

substitution is most serious

non-sense can also be

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16
Q

Linus Pauling

A

proposed helix structure of DNA

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Enzymes involved in replication

A

Helices
Primase
Ligase
DNA pOLY

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19
Q

Watson + Crick

A

discovered double helix structure

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20
Q

Applications of recombinant DNA

A

gene therapy

fighting diseases

production of insulin

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21
Q

Sickle cell anemia is what kind of mutation

A

base substitution

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22
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

x-ray to study structure

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23
Q

What is structure of DNA

A

Sugar and phosphate backbone, nitrogen bases

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24
Q

How many levels of protein organization?

25
Codon is what is special?
3 letter sequence more than one codon codes for amino acid so this prevents error form having big effects
26
What happens to Okazaki fragments after DNA poly is done
Ligase joins them together
27
What happens in termination
finishing of new strand
28
Technique of recombinant DNA
restriction enzyme cuts gene out, same enzyme cuts plasmid Gene is inserted ligase connects sticky ends plasmid inserted
29
Griffith Experiment
showed DNA from dead cells passed to living cells
30
What is genetic engineering
manipulating genes which carry genetic info
31
Sickle Cell Anemia
Base substitution For the mutated gene: GUG AA is VALINE HBs sickle shaped poor oxygen carrying maleria resistance
32
End codon
just tells protein synthesis to stop
33
types of mutations
chromosomal -crossover -nondisjunctive point mutation -subsitution or deletion
34
Central dogma
DNA can't leave nucleus, so MRNA is an intermediary step
35
Start codon
all protiens start with this AA
36
Steps of Transcription
RNA POLY binds to Procter, it opens the helix (promoter comes before gene) It moves along anti-sense strand in 5' to 3' direction, adding bases one at a time creating mRNA reaches terminator sequence which signals RNA POLY to stop mRNA moves out of cytoplasm
37
Mutagens
radiation chemical infectious
38
How does DNA POLY know where to start
Primase make a primer which is a short piece of RNA
39
Structure and Function of ribosome
made of rRNA match tRNA with mRNA
40
What is RNA
single strand, sugar is just ribose no thymine, just uracil different types like mRNA
41
Nucleotide
Sugar+Base+Phosphate 4 possible bases
42
Steps of elongation
DNA POLY 3 add nucleotides to form new strand, the new bases are the complementary bases
43
Steps for gene expression
Dna to mRNA mRNA to protein
44
What is lagging strand
strand that is 3' to 5' so DNA POLY can't travel continuously, Primase must continuously put down primer, creation of Okazaki fragments
45
Steps of PCR
heat DNA to denature expose to TAQ polymerase, it copies DNA cool down repeat many times
46
Meselson + Stah;
DNA is semi-conservative
47
Steps of proofreading
DNA poly 1 checks if hydrogen bonding is correct, if correct that means bases have bonded correctly
48
Chargoffs rule
amount of adenine is equal to thymine
49
3 kinds of subsiiton mutations
missense - altered protein silent - no effect nonsense - incomplete AA chain
50
Frameshift mutations
shift codon entirely, lethality depend son location
51
Initiation steps
helices unzips DNA< it breaks hydrogen bonds creates replication fork part of replication bubbel
52
Pyrimidines
T and C
53
Gel electrophoresis
DNA Is slightly negative it is cut into different lengths by restriction enzyme poured into wells of agar gel current is applied, positive cathode at one end shorter fragments more farther banding patterns appear
54
Areas of mutation
Somatic - affect carrier Germ- affect offspring Embryonic - affect somatic or germinal
55
If bonding of bases is incorrect what happens
the DNA POLY can remove base and put correct one in
56
DNA dingerprinting
PCR Gel electrophoresis
57
Genome
sum of all DNA
58
Purines
A and G
59
Steps of translation
mRNA moves to cytoplasm mRNA joins with ribosome, 2 codons are exposed at a time tRNA has amino acid attached, the one with start anticodon will bind to start codon on mRNA 2nd tRNA will bring 2nd AA Ribosome moves down mRNA one codon at a time process stops when stop codon is reached polypetitde chain is released and ribosome dissassembles

Bio 30 (7 decks)

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