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Biochemistry > Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

it is the tightly wound up in structures called chromosomes in the nucleus of
the cell

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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2
Q

it carries the genetic code to produce the thousands of different proteins

A

DNA

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3
Q

he is one of the first to study genetics in a systematic way

A

Gregor Mendel

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4
Q

it has the substance in the nuclei of white blood cells

A

nuclein

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5
Q

it has a critical role in the process of cell division

A

chromosomes

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6
Q

it is composed of both protein and nuclein

A

chromosomes

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7
Q

it has a polymers of 4 subunits

A

nuclein

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8
Q

it has a polymer of 20 different amino acids

A

proteins

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9
Q

it is responsible for interpreting the genetic information into proteins

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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10
Q

what are some examples of pyrimidines in DNA

A

cytosine and thymine

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11
Q

what are some examples of pyrimidines in RNA

A

cytosine and uracil

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12
Q

what amino acids are in purines that is present in both DNA and RNA

A

adenine and guanine

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13
Q

components of nucleosides

A

sugar, either ribose or 2-deoxyribose

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14
Q

covalent bond between the sugar and the base

A

β-N-glycosidic linkage

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15
Q

in pyrimidines, what is formed when ribonucleosides formed from cytosine

A

cytidine

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16
Q

in pyrimidines, what is formed when ribonucleosides formed from uracil

A

uridine

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17
Q

in pyrimidines, what is formed when deoxyribonucleosides of cytosine

A

2′-Deoxycytidine

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18
Q

in pyrimidines, what is formed when deoxyribonucleosides of thymidine

A

thymidine

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19
Q

in purines, what is formed when nucleosides formed with ribose and adenine

A

adenosine

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20
Q

in purines, what is formed when nucleosides formed with ribose and guanine

A

guanosine

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21
Q

in purines, what is formed when nucleosides formed with 2’-deoxyribose and adenine

A

2-deoxyadenosine

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22
Q

in purines, what is formed when nucleosides formed with 2’-deoxyribose and guanine

A

2-deoxyguanosine

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23
Q

long polymers of nucleotides

A

nucleotide structure

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24
Q

in purines, what is formed when nucleotide with the sugar ribose

A

ribonucleotide

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25
Q

in purines, what is formed when nucleotide with the sugar 2’-deoxyribose

A

deoxyribonucleotide

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26
Q

covalent bond between the sugar and the phosphoryl group

A

phosphoester bond

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27
Q

bond between the base and the sugar

A

β-N-glycosidic linkage

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28
Q

polymer of nucleotides bonded to one another by 3′–5′ phosphodiester bonds

A

single strand of DNA

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29
Q

alternating units of the five-carbon sugar 2′-deoxyribose and phosphoryl groups in phosphodiester linkage

A

sugar-phosphate backbone

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30
Q

first to describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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31
Q

extend into the center at right angles to the axis of the helix

A

nitrogenous bases

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32
Q

between the nitrogenous bases in the center of the helix

A

hydrogen bonding

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33
Q

noncovalent attraction that helps maintain the double helix structure

A

hydrogen bonding

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34
Q

diameter of the double helix

A

2.0 nm

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35
Q

structure wherein the supercoiled DNA molecule is attached to a complex of proteins at roughly 40 sites along its length, forming a series of loops

A

nuceloid

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36
Q

complete set of genetic information in all the chromosomes of an organism

A

genome

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37
Q

what human genetic disorder has
- extra copy of chromosome 21
- mental challenges, a flattened face, and short stature

A

down syndrome

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38
Q

what do you call the complex of DNA and protein

A

chromatin

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39
Q

what do you call the string of beads then coils into a larger structure

A

condensed fiber

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40
Q

what do you call the strand of DNA wrapped around a small disk made up of histone proteins

A

nuclosome

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41
Q
  • have membrane-bound organelles
  • number and size of the chromosomes vary from one species to the next
  • chromosome structure is the same for all
A

eukaryotes

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42
Q

what human genetic disorder has
- additional chromosome 18
- extremely rare
- extreme mental and physical defects and early death

A

edward syndrome

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43
Q

what human genetic disorder has
- extra chromosome 13
- extremely rare
- extreme mental and physical defects and early death

A

patau syndrome

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44
Q

what human genetic disorder has
- males with two X chromosomes and one Y
- sexual immaturity and breast development

A

klinefelter syndrome

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45
Q

what human genetic disorder has
- woman with only a single X chromosome
- short stature, a webbed neck, and sexual immaturity

A

turner syndrome

46
Q

what do you call the sugar-phosphate backbone of RNA consists of linked by 3′–5′ phosphodiester bonds

A

ribonucleotides

47
Q

essential that the process of DNA replication produces an absolutely accurate copy of the original genetic information

A

DNA replication

48
Q

an enzyme could “read” the nitrogenous bases on one strand of a DNA molecule and add complementary bases to a strand of DNA being synthesized

A

semiconservative replication

49
Q

what do you call the original strand

A

parent strand

50
Q

what do you call the newly synthesized strand

A

daughter strand

51
Q

DNA replication begins at a unique sequence on the circular chromosome

A

replication fork

52
Q

DNA replication begins at a unique sequence on the circular chromosome

A

replication origin

53
Q

replication occurs bidirectionally at the rate of about 500 new nucleotides every second

A

bidirectional

54
Q

break the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs

A

helicase

55
Q
  • alleviates positive supercoiling
  • travels along the DNA ahead of the replication fork
A

topoisomerase

56
Q

binds to the separated strands, preventing them from coming back together

A

single-strand binding protein

57
Q

precursors for DNA replication

A

Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate molecules

58
Q
  • “reads” each parental strand or “template”
  • catalyzes the polymerization of a complementary daughter strand
A

DNA polymerase III

59
Q

catalyzes the formation of a phosphoester bond between the two adjacent fragments

A

DNA ligase

60
Q

many RNA primers are produced as the replication fork proceeds along the molecule

A

lagging strand

61
Q

genetic information in the linear sequence of nucleotides is being translated into a protein, a linear sequence of amino acids

A

translation

62
Q

single strand of DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule

A

transcription

62
Q

single strand of DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule

A

transcription

63
Q

translates the genetic code of the mRNA into the primary sequence of amino acids in the protein

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

64
Q

structural and functional component of the ribosomes

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

65
Q

formed by the three nucleotides at the base of the cloverleaf structure

A

anticodon

66
Q

forms hydrogen bonds to a codon on a mRNA molecule on the surface of a ribosome during protein synthesis

A

anticodon

67
Q

RNA polymerase “reads” the DNA template strand and catalyzes the polymerization of a complementary RNA copy

A

chain elongation

68
Q

RNA polymerase finds a termination sequence at the end of the gene and releases the newly formed RNA molecule

A

termination

69
Q

transfers a complementary ribonucleotide to the end of the growing RNA chain

A

chain elongation

70
Q

uses ATP and catalyzes the stepwise polymerization of 100–200 adenosine nucleotides on the 3′ end of the RNA

A

poly (A) polymerase

71
Q

removal of portions of the primary transcript that are not protein coding

A

RNA splicing

72
Q

extra DNA sequences within the genes that do not encode any amino acid sequences for the protein

A

intervening sequences or introns

73
Q

assists the recognition of the splice boundaries and stabilization of the splicing complex

A

spliceosomes

74
Q

genetic code must contain words made of at least three letters taken from the four letters in the DNA alphabet

A

triplet code

75
Q

complexes of many ribosomes along a single mRNA

A

polyribosomes

76
Q

hydrolyzes the ester bond between the peptidyl tRNA and the last amino acid of the newly synthesized protein

A

peptidyl transferase

77
Q

changes that occur in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule

A

mutation

78
Q

chemicals that damage the DNA

A

mutagens

79
Q

used to advantage in hospitals where germicidal (UV) light is used to kill bacteria in the air and on environmental surfaces

A

pryimidine dimerization reaction

80
Q

genetic skin disorder due to mutation in the repair endonuclease gene or in other genes in the repair pathway

A

xeroderma pigmentosum

81
Q

technique used to identify the presence of a gene on a particular DNA fragment

A

hybridization

82
Q

can make millions of copies of the gene of interest, while ignoring the thousands of other genes on human chromosomes

A

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

83
Q

short piece of single-stranded DNA that will specifically hybridize to the beginning of a particular gene

A

DNA primer

84
Q

require a primer for initiation of DNA synthesis

A

DNA polymerases

85
Q

what is the goal of the human genome project

A

to identify all of the genes in human DNA

86
Q

provides both DNA sequence information and a method for identifying the DNA sequences next to it on the chromosome

A

chromosome walking

87
Q

cloned piece of DNA is separated into its two strands

A

DNA sequencing

88
Q

determine the sequence of any DNA strand that enters a nanopore in the device

A

handheld DNA sequencer

89
Q

field that brings together the disciplines of computer science, mathematics, statistics, DNA technology, and engineering

A

bioinformatics

90
Q

acts as a chain terminator when incorporated into a growing DNA chain

A

Dideoxynucleotide

91
Q

short piece of DNA that will hybridize to the template strand

A

primer strand

92
Q

set of clones representing the entire genome

A

genetic library

93
Q

mixture is placed in an instrument called a thermocycler

A

thermocycler

94
Q

produces a heat-stable DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase)

A

Bacterium Thermus aquaticus

95
Q

DNA copy of the mRNA carries all the protein-coding sequences of a gene but none of the intron sequences

A

Reverse transcriptase

96
Q

extra pieces of circular DNA found in most kinds of bacteria

A

Plasmids

97
Q

bacterial viruses that have been genetically altered to allow the addition of cloned DNA fragments

A

Bacterial Virus or Phage Vectors

98
Q

accumulation of mutations combined with a simultaneous decrease in the efficiency of DNA repair mechanisms

A

Increased incidence of cancer

99
Q

cleave the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA near the site of the damage

A

Repair endonuclease

100
Q

substitution of a single nucleotide for another

A

Point mutation

101
Q

single nucleotide or even large sections of DNA are lost

A

Deletion mutation

102
Q

one or more nucleotides are added

A

Insertion mutation

103
Q

loss of normal growth control, causing the abnormal cell to proliferate

A

mutagens and carcinogens

104
Q

bacterial enzymes that “cut” the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences

A

Restriction Enzymes or Restriction Endonucleases

105
Q

isolate single copies of a gene and then produce billions of copies

A

DNA cloning experiments

106
Q

ribosome changes positions so that the next codon on the mRNA occupies the A-site

A

translocation

107
Q

what holds the peptidyl tRNA

A

peptidyl tRNA binding site

108
Q

what holds the aminoacyl tRNA

A

Aminoacyl tRNA binding site

109
Q

what amino acids have a single codon

A

methionine and tryptophan

110
Q

3 codons that specify termination signals for the process of translation

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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