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Biochemistry > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

what do you call the collection of organic molecules of varying chemical composition

A

lipids

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2
Q

what do you the grouped together on the basis of their solubility in nonpolar solvents

A

lipids

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3
Q

what are the 4 types of lipids

A

fatty acids, glycerides, non-glyceride lipids, and complex lipids

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4
Q

each gram of fat in lipids when oxidized releases how many kilocalories of energy

A

9 kCal

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5
Q

each gram of fat in lipids released by oxidation of a gram of carbohydrate is equivalent to

A

more than twice the energy

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6
Q

most of the energy stored in the body is in the form of lipids

A

triglycerides

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7
Q

fat cells where lipids are stored

A

adipocytes

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8
Q

what makes up the basic structure of all cell membranes

A

phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and steroids

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9
Q

what control the flow of molecules into and out of cells

A

cell membranes

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10
Q

what allows the cell-to-cell communication

A

cell membranes

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11
Q

what do you call the critical chemical messengers that allow tissue of the body to communicate with one another

A

steroid hormones

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12
Q

what exert strong biological effects on both the cells that produce them and other cells of the body

A

hormonelike prostaglandins

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13
Q

what vitamins are lipid-soluble

A

Vitamin A,D,E,K

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14
Q

it is the regulation of several critical biological processes

A

vitamins

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15
Q

what do you call the carrier of the lipid-soluble vitamins

A

dietary fat

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16
Q

what do you call the transported into cells of the small intestine in association with fat molecules

A

dietary fat

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17
Q

what results in deficiency of the 4 vitamins and less than 20% of the calories

A

diet that is too low in fat

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18
Q

why is lipids considered to be protection

A

shock absorber or protective layer for the vital organs

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19
Q

how many percent of the total body fat is reserved for protection

A

4 percent

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20
Q

what do you call the fat stored beneath the skin and insulate the body from extremes of cold temperatures

A

subcutaneous fat

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21
Q

what do you call the long-chain monocarboxylic acids

A

fatty acids

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22
Q

what contains an even number of carbon atoms

A

fatty acids

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23
Q

fatty acids that has 12:0

A

lauric acid

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24
Q

where is lauric acid present

A

coconut oil

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25
Q

fatty acid that has 14:0

A

myristic acid

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26
Q

fatty acid that has 10:0

A

capric acid

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27
Q

fatty acid that has 16:0

A

palmitic acid

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28
Q

fatty acid that has 18:0

A

stearic acid

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29
Q

where is stearic acid present

A

animal fats

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30
Q

fatty acid that has 20:0

A

arachidic acid

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31
Q

in saturated fatty acids, what happens to the melting point when the number of carbon increases

A

melting point increases

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32
Q

at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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33
Q

double bonds found in almost all naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids

A

cis-configuration

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34
Q

not randomly located in the hydrocarbon chain

A

double bonds

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35
Q

it is dictated by the enzymes that catalyze the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids

A

placement and geometry configuration of double bonds

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36
Q

increase in the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases due to what

A

London dispersion forces

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37
Q

what happens to the melting point of saturated fatty acids if it has 10 or more carbons

A

solids at room temp

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38
Q

in unsaturated fatty acids, what happens to the temperature when the number of double bond carbon increases

A

the temperature decreases

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39
Q

what are present in a-linolenic acid

A

fish oils, flaxseed, and canola oil

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40
Q

“kinked” molecules cannot stack in an organized arrangement

A

cis-double bond

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41
Q

American Heart Association (AHA) issued what dietary guidelines

A

we should include two servings of “oily” fish in our diet each week

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42
Q

high levels of two omega-3 fatty acids

A

eicosapentaenoic acid (EHA)
docosahexaenoix acid (DHA)

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43
Q

where is omega-3 double bond positioned

A

nearest the terminal methyl group and third carbon from the end

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44
Q

what does PUFA means

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids

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45
Q

in unsaturated fatty acids, what has 18:1 and where is the double bonds positioned

A

oleic acid (9)

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46
Q

where is oleic acid found

A

soap

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47
Q

in unsaturated fatty acids, what has 18:2 and where is the double bonds positioned

A

linoleic acid (9,12)

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48
Q

in unsaturated fatty acids, what has 18:3 and where is the double bonds positioned

A

linolenic acid (9,12,15)

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49
Q

in unsaturated fatty acids, what has 20:4 and where is the double bonds positioned

A

arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14)

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50
Q

what needs to be decreased to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease

A

blood clot formation, blood triglyceride levels, growth of atherosclerotic plaque

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51
Q

benefits of omega-3

A

arterial health improved, decreased blood pressure, decreased risk of sudden death and heart arrhythmias

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52
Q

precursor for the synthesis of prostacyclin

A

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

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53
Q

what inhibits the clumping of platelets and reduces clot formation

A

prostacyclin

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54
Q

what do you call the major fatty acids in the phospholipids?

A

docosahexanoic acid (DHA)

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55
Q

DHA is present in

A

sperm, brain cells, retina

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56
Q

DHA reduces what

A

triglyceride levels

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57
Q

what are the precursors of prostaglandins that have inflammatory effects

A

omega-6 fatty acids

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58
Q

what do you call the essential fatty acid

A

linolenic acid

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59
Q

what kind of fatty acid reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease

A

linolenic acid

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60
Q

what is required for the synthesis of arachidonic acid

A

linoleic acid

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61
Q

what is the precursor for many prostaglandins

A

arachidonic acid

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62
Q

what is the precursors of prostaglandins that exhibit anti-inflammatory effects

A

omega-3 fatty acids

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63
Q

what do you call the fatty acids that are necessary for specific biochemical functions and must be supplied in the diet

A

essential fatty acids

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64
Q

what are examples of essential fatty acids

A

a-linolenic acid and linoleic acid

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65
Q

what fatty acids has the precursor of a class of hormonelike molecules known as eicosanoids

A

arachidonic acid

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66
Q

what does the greek word “eikos” means

A

twenty

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67
Q

what does eicosanoids means

A

derivatives of 20-carbon fatty acids

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68
Q

what do you call the six membered ring containing ether

A

thromboxanes

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69
Q

what acts in the formation of blood clots

A

thromboxane

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70
Q

what does NSAIDs means

A

non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

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71
Q

what are some examples of NSAIDs

A

aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen

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72
Q

what are extremely potent biological molecules with hormonelike activity

A

prostaglandins

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73
Q

what are originally isolated from seminal fluid produced in the prostate gland

A

prostaglandins

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74
Q

what do you call the unsaturated carboxylic acids consisting of a 20-carbon skeleton that contains a five-carbon ring

A

prostaglandins

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75
Q

prostaglandin nomenclature is based on what

A
  • arrangement of the carbon skeleton
  • number and orientation of double bonds, hydroxyl groups and ketone groups
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76
Q

Naming prostaglandin

A

Example: PGF2
- PG - prostaglandin
- F - particular group of prostaglandins with hydroxyl group bonded to carbon-9
- 2- two carbon-carbon double bonds

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77
Q

what is formed when a blood vessel is damaged

A

blood clotting

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78
Q

what do you call the clotting along the walls of undamaged vessels could result in heart or stroke

A

blood clotting

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79
Q

what is produced by platelets in the blood

A

Thromboxane A2

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80
Q

what do you call the constriction of the blood vessels

A

thromboxane A2

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81
Q

what is produced by the cells lining the blood vessels

A

prostacyclin (PGI2)

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82
Q

what is the opposite effect of thromboxane A2

A

prostacyclin (PGI2)

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83
Q

what do you call that prevents untimely production of blood clots

A

prostacyclin (PGI2)

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84
Q

it creates inflammatory response when tissue is damaged in where?

A

prostaglandins

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85
Q

what blocks prostaglandin synthesis and help relieves the symptoms

A

aspirin

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86
Q

what do you call the painful menstruation

A

dysmenorrhea

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87
Q

what cause the result of an excess of two prostaglandins

A

dysmenorrhea

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88
Q

what does PGE2 in reproductive system do

A

smooth muscle contraction
uterine contractions

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89
Q

what inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in reproductive system

A

ibuprofen

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90
Q

what does prostaglandins do in the gastrointestinal tract

A

inhibit the secretion of acid
increase the secretion of a protective mucus layer into the stomach

91
Q

what does aspirin do in the gastrointestinal tract

A

allowing increased secretion of stomach acid

92
Q

what does prostaglandin do in the kidney

A

cause renal blood vessels to dilate
greater flow of blood through the kidney
increased water and electrolyte excretion

93
Q

what does other prostaglandins do in respiratory tract

A

promote bronchodilation

94
Q

what do you call the substance produced in a specialized tissue and transported by the circulatory system to target tissues elsewhere in the body

A

hormone

95
Q

what are first two steps of prostaglandin synthesis

A

conversion of PGH2 into the other biologically active forms
aspirin

96
Q

aspirin works by inhibiting what

A

cyclooxygenase

97
Q

what do you call the lipid esters that contain the glycerol molecule and fatty acids

A

glycerides

98
Q

what are the two classes of glycerides

A

neutral glycerides and phosphoglyceride

99
Q

what class of gylceride are non-ionic and non-polar

A

neutral glyceride

100
Q

what class of glyceride are a phosphoryl group and contains non-polar fatty acids tails

A

phosphogylceride

101
Q

what do you call the product of the esterification of glycerol with a fatty acid

A

neutral glycerides

102
Q

esterification may occur at how many positions and what are those

A

three positions
- monoglycerides
- diglycerides
- triglycerides

103
Q

it is the most important neutral glycerides

A

triglycerides

104
Q

it is the major component of fat cells

A

triglycerides

105
Q

consists of a glycerol backbone and joined to three fatty acids units through ester bonds

A

triglycerides

106
Q

what is the principal function of triglycerides

A

storage of energy

107
Q

what do you call the reaction of the carboxyl group of a fatty acid and hydroxyl group of an alcohol

A

esterification

108
Q

what reaction does fatty acids react with alcohols to form esters and water

A

esterification

109
Q

what reaction is used in the food industry to convert polyunsaturated vegetable oils into saturated solid fats

A

hydrogenation

110
Q

what reaction is used to add to hydrogen to some, but not all, double bonds in polyunsaturated oils

A

partial hydrogenation
- solid fat will be spreadable and have the consistency of butter when eaten
- Ex. margarine

111
Q

what reaction is breaking the ester bond by addition of a water molecule in the presence of a strong acid

A

acid hydrolysis

112
Q

what reaction is breaking the ester bond by addition of a water molecule in the presence of a strong base

A

saponification

113
Q

what reaction produces carboxylic acid salt and an alcohol and are base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester

A

saponification

114
Q

what is formed by uncharged hydrocarbon tail and negatively charged terminus (carboxylate group)

A

micelles

115
Q

what do you call that dissolve oil and dirt particles

A

micelles

116
Q

what causes fatty acids salts to precipitate and leaves a hard scum on the surface of sinks and tubs

A

“hard” water

117
Q

what is phosphoglycerides also called?

A

phosphoacylglycerols

118
Q

what do you call the group of lipids that are phosphate esters

A

phosphoglycerides

119
Q

phosphoglycerides are the most abundant membrane lipids derived from what?

A

glycerol-3-phosphate

120
Q

what do you call the free phosphoryl group

A

phosphatidate

121
Q

other name for phosphatidylcholine

A

lecithin

122
Q

what is an amphipathic molecule

A

it has a polar head (hydrophilic) and a nonpolar tail (hydrophobic)

123
Q

what aids in the suspension of triglycerides in water

A

emulsifying agent

124
Q

what do you call hydrophilic head of lecithin dissolves in water and hydrophobic tail dissolves in the triglycerides

A

emulsification

125
Q

what is cephalin other name

A

phosphatidylethanolamine

126
Q

what has amine group bonded to the phosphoryl group is the only difference

A

cephalin

127
Q

what are lipids that are not derived from glycerol and are amphiphatic

A

sphingolipids

128
Q

sphingolipids is derived from ?

A

sphingosine

129
Q

what is found in abundance in the myelin sheath

A

sphingomyelin

130
Q

what is the only class of sphingolipids that are also phospholipids

A

sphingomyelin

131
Q

it has proper cerebral function and nerve transmission

A

sphingomyelin

132
Q

glycolipids other name

A

glycosphingolipids

133
Q

glycolipids is built on what backbone structure

A

ceramide

134
Q

what are the membranes of macrophages

A

glucocerebroside

135
Q

what protect the body by ingesting and destroying foreign microorganisms

A

macrophages

136
Q

what do you call the ceramide bonded to the hexose glucose

A

glucocerebroside

137
Q

what do you call the membranes of brain cells

A

galactocerebroside

138
Q

what do you call the ceramide joined to the monosaccharide galactose

A

galactocerebroside

139
Q

what is the derivatives of galactocerebroside that contain a sulfate group

A

sulfatides

140
Q

what carries a negative charge at physiological pH

A

sulfatides

141
Q

what do you call the glycolipids that possess oligosaccharaide groups

A

gangliosides

142
Q

what always contain one or more molecules of N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid)

A

gangliosides

143
Q

what do you call the most tissues found in the body

A

gangliosides

144
Q

sphingolipid storage disease that has the symptoms of blindness and muscle weakness

A

tay-sachs

145
Q

what sphingolipid is affected in tay-sachs

A

ganglioside GM2

146
Q

sphingolipid storage disease that has the symptoms of liver and spleen enlarge, MR

A

gaucher’s

147
Q

what sphingolipid is affected in gaucher’s

A

glucocerebroside

148
Q

sphingolipid storage disease that has the symptoms of demyelation, MR

A

krabbe’s

149
Q

what sphingolipid is affected in krabbe’s

A

galactocerebroside

150
Q

sphingolipid storage disease that has the symptoms of MR

A

nieman-pick

151
Q

what sphingolipid is affected in nieman-pick

A

sphingomyelin

152
Q

what do you call the family of molecules derived from cholesterol

A

steroids

153
Q

what do you call the bile salts that aid in the emulsification and digestion of lipids

A

steroids

154
Q

what do you call the steroids that has a members of large,diverse collection of lipids

A

isoprenoids

155
Q

isoprenoids are built from ?

A

isoprene

156
Q

isoprene contains how many carbon units

A

one or more 5-carbon units

157
Q

what lipids are synthesized from isoprene units

A

terpene

158
Q

examples of terpene

A

chlorophyll, lipid-soluble vitamins and steroids nad ble salts

159
Q

what is the common steroid

A

cholesterol

160
Q

what do you call the readily soluble in the hydrophobic region of membranes

A

cholesterol

161
Q

it is the concentration of cholesterol found in the blood plasma and atherosclerosis

A

strong correlation

162
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

163
Q

what are some high concentration of cholesterol

A

egg yolks, dairy products and animal fats

164
Q

what are amphipathic derivates of cholesterol and are synthesized in the liver

A

bile salts

165
Q

where is bile salts stored

A

in the gallbladder

166
Q

what are some principal bile salts in humans

A

cholate and chenodeoxycholate

167
Q

what is produced in the ovaries and in the placenta

A

progesterone

168
Q

what is responsible for both the successful initiation and the successful completion of pregnancy

A

progesterone

169
Q

what is the male sex hormone found in the testes

A

testosterone

170
Q

what is the female sex hermone

A

estrone

171
Q

it is one of the first synthetic birth control agents

A

19-norprogesterone

172
Q

what acts by inducing a false pregnancy

A

19-norprogesterone

173
Q

what is the other name of 17-a-ethynl-19-nortestosterone

A

norlutin

174
Q

difference of 19-norprogesterone and norlutin

A

19-norprogesterone had to be taken by injection and norlutin must be taken orally

175
Q

what is the metabolism of carbohydrates

A

cortisone

176
Q

what is produced by the adrenal cortex

A

aldosteron

177
Q

what happens to the aldosterone if the sodium levels are elevated

A

it is not secreted

178
Q

what regulate ion concentrations

A

mineralocorticoids

179
Q

what enhance carbohydrate metabolism

A

glucocorticoids

180
Q

ketone derivative of cortisol

A

cortisone

181
Q

derivative of cortisol

A

prednisolone

182
Q

what is prednisolone is used for

A

asthma and inflammation

183
Q

it is the mixture of solid hydrocarbons and usually straight-chain compounds

A

paraffin wax

184
Q

it is composed of a long-chain fatty acid esterified to a long-chain alcohol

A

natural waxes

185
Q

what is the major component of beeswax

A

myricycl pamitate

186
Q

what wax is whale oil

A

spermaceti wax

187
Q

what wax is used for protective coating for hair and skin and used in skin creams and ointments

A

lanolin

188
Q

what wax is used in automobile polish

A

carnauba wax

189
Q

what are the lipids that are bonded to other types of molecules

A

complex lipids

190
Q

what do you call the transport of other lipids in the body

A

plasma lipoproteins

191
Q

what are lipoprotein particles made of

A

core and outer layer or shell

192
Q

what has the density of less than 0.95g/mL

A

chylomicrons

193
Q

what carry dietary triglycerides from the intestine to other tissues

A

chylomicrons

194
Q

what transport dietary triglycerides to cells throughout the body

A

chylomicrons

195
Q

what has the density of 0.95-1.019 g/mL

A

very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

196
Q

what carries them to adipose and other tissues for storage

A

very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

197
Q

what has the density of 1.019-1.063 g/mL

A

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

198
Q

what carries cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues and help regulate cholesterol levels

A

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

199
Q

what has the richest in cholesterol

A

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

200
Q

what has the density of 1.063-1.210 g/mL

A

high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

201
Q

what lipoproteins transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver

A

high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

202
Q

what lipids are not all derived directly from the diet

A

lipids in the blood

203
Q

what are synthesized in the liver and transported through the blood in lipoprotein packages

A

triglycerides and cholesterol

204
Q

what are the molecules on the surface of the LDL that binds to the LDL receptor

A

protein apolipoprotein (apoB)

205
Q

what are responsible for the uptake of cholesterol by the cells of various tissues

A

low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptors)

206
Q

what membrane begins to be pulled into the cell at the site of the LDL receptor complexes

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

207
Q

what can form a vesicle or endosome containing the LDL particles

A

membranes

208
Q

what flow together to create one larger membrane-bound body or vesicle

A

lysosomes

209
Q

what digest the entire complex to release cholesterol into the cytoplasm

A

hydrolytic enzymes from the lysosome

210
Q

what inhibits its own biosynthesis and activates an enzyme that stores cholesterol in cholesterol ester droplets

A

cholesterol

211
Q

what genetic defect in the gene coding for the LDL receptor do not take up as much cholesterol

A

hypercholesterolemia

212
Q

what organ does cholesterol used for bile synthesis and secreted into the intestines then excreted

A

liver

213
Q

what lipoproteins helps reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis

A

HDL

214
Q

what can diet rich in unsaturated fats do

A
  • decreased cholesterol levels
  • decrease in the level of LDL
  • increase in the level of HDL
215
Q

what can diet rich in saturated fats do

A

high levels of cholesterol in the blood

216
Q

what do you call the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails that are packed in the center of the bilayer

A

lipid bilayers

217
Q

what do you call the thin shell of nonpolar material that prevents the mixing of molecules on either side

A

hydrocarbon tails

218
Q

electron microscopic technique to reveal presence of these membrane proteins

A

freeze-fracture

219
Q

cells that are frozen to very cold temperatures and then fractured with a very fine diamond knife

A

freeze-fracture

220
Q

what do you call the interactions between ionic head groups of the membrane lipids and ionic amino acids on the surface of the peripheral protein

A

peripheral membrane proteins

221
Q

what are embedded within the membrane and extend completely through it

A

transmembrane proteins

222
Q

what are the phospholipid composition of the membrane

A

asymmetric

223
Q

what is associated with the outer layer of the membrane

A

first hydrophilic domain

224
Q

what is associated with the inner layer of the membrane

A

second hydrophilic domain

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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