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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call the organic molecules

A

Biological Molecules

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2
Q

What behave as alcohols and either as aldehydes or ketones

A

Sugar

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3
Q

What do you call a molecule that consists of hydroxyl groups and carbonyl groups

A

Sugars

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4
Q

What form hemiacetals when they circularize

A

Linear Monosaccharides

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5
Q

What forms when two monosaccharides bond to one another

A

Acetal

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6
Q

What do you call a very large carboxylic acids

A

Fatty acids

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7
Q

What is formed when fatty acids bonds to an alcohol

A

Ester

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8
Q

What do you call the polymer of amino acids

A

Proteins

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9
Q

What has amino group and carboxyl group

A

Amino acid

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10
Q

Amino acids are joined by ?

A

Amide bonds

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11
Q

What makes up our genetic material, RNA and DNA

A

Nucleotides

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12
Q

What are nucleotides made up of

A
  • cyclic sugar
  • nitrogenous base that is a heterocyclic amine
  • one or more phosphoryl groups
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13
Q

What are cyclic sugar

A

Alcohols and Hemiacetals

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14
Q

What reactions are between functional groups

A

Biochemical reactions

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15
Q

What does the greek “glyco” means

A

sweet

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16
Q

What are long, branched polymer of glucose

A

glycogen

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17
Q

what does the “-genesis” means

A

the origin

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18
Q

what do you call the pathway for glycogen formation

A

glycogenesis

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19
Q

what does “-olysis” means

A

to break down

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20
Q

what do you call the pathway for the breakdown of glycogen

A

glycolysis

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21
Q

from the word, enzyme malate dehydrogenase, what does “malate” means

A

starting material, or substrate, of the reaction

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22
Q

from the word, enzyme malate dehydrogenase, what does “-ase” means

A

name of an enzyme

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23
Q

from the word, enzyme malate dehydrogenase, what does “dehydrogen” means

A
  • hydrogen atoms are being removed
  • oxidation reaction
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24
Q

what are produced in plants by photosynthesis

A

carbohydrates

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25
Q

what do you call that includes simple sugars and long polymers of these simple sugars

A

carbohydrates

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26
Q

Give some natural carbohydrate sources:

A
  • grains and cereals
  • breads
  • sugarcane
  • fruits
  • milk
  • honey
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27
Q

what do you call the simple sugar and has a primary energy source for the brain and nervous system

A

glucose

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28
Q

C6H12O6

A

glucose

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29
Q

each gram of carbohydrate is equivalent to ?

A

4 kilocalories of energy

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30
Q

The quantity of simple sugars should be?

A

minimized
- it also promote obesity and tooth decay

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31
Q

What are better for us than simple sugars

A

complex carbohydrates

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32
Q

example of complex carbohydrate

A

cellulose, starch

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33
Q

what type of carbohydrates are considered to be the simpliest

A

monosaccharides

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34
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose and fructose

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35
Q

saccharide means

A

sugar unit

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36
Q

what do you call consists of two monosaccharide units joined through bridging oxygen atoms

A

glycosidic bond

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37
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose and lactose

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38
Q

what type of carbohydrates are 3-10 monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bond

A

oligosaccharides

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39
Q

what type of carbohydrates are considered to be the largest and most complex carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides

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40
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen and cellulose

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41
Q

what type of carbohydrates are long, often highly branched and are chains of monosaccharides

A

polysaccharides

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42
Q

what type of carbohydrate are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

A

monosaccharides

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43
Q

What kind of functional group is present if the cyclic is pentagon

A

Ketose

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44
Q

what kind of functional group is present if the cyclic is hexose

A

aldose

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45
Q

in ketose, the carbonyl group is located on what carbon?

A

carbon - 2

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46
Q

in aldose, the carbonyl group is located on what carbon?

A

carbon - 1

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47
Q

monosaccharides are sometimes called?

A

polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones

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48
Q

what do you call the study of different spatial arrangements of atoms

A

stereochemistry

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49
Q

what do you call that has same molecular formula, same bonding in pattern but differ in spatial arrangement

A

stereoisomers

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50
Q

what do you call if it has two molecules that are identical

A

superimposable

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51
Q

what does superimposable means

A
  • every atom and every bond of the two lie in the same space
  • can place two molecules on top of one another
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52
Q

if the molecules were identical, is it considered to be an stereoisomers

A

NO

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53
Q

what do you call the two stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of one another

A

enantiomers

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54
Q

what do you call the molecules that can exist in enantiomeric forms

A

chiral molecules

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55
Q

In chiral molecules

A
  • any molecule containing a chiral carbon
  • one chiral carbon is sufficient for the molecule to be chiral
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56
Q

what do you call the carbon atom that has 4 different groups bonded to it

A

chiral carbon

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57
Q

what do you call the simplest chiral carbohydrate

A

glyceraldehyde

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58
Q

in the rotation of plane-polarized light, what is formed in electromagnetic radiation that consists of many different wavelengths (colors) vibrating in planes that are all perpendicular to the direction of the light beam

A

white light

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59
Q

in the rotation of plane-polarized light, what do you call the light of a single wavelength

A

monochromatic light

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60
Q

in the rotation of plane-polarized light, what do you call that can passed through a polarizing material, so that the only waves in one plane can pass through

A

monochromatic light

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61
Q

in the rotation of plane-polarized light, what light emerges from the lens

A

plane-polarized light

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62
Q

in the rotation of plane-polarized light, what consists of light waves in only one plane

A

plane-polarized light

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63
Q

what measure the ability of a compound to change the angle of the plane of plane-polarized light

A

polarimeter

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64
Q

what measure the specific rotation of the compound

A

polarimeter

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65
Q

what do you call that has the ability to rotate plane-polarized light

A

optical activity

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66
Q

what do you call that rotates light in a clockwise direction

A

dextrorotatory (+)

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67
Q

what do you call that rotates light in a counterclockwise direction

A

levorotatory (-)

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68
Q

what do you call the two-dimensional drawing of a molecule that shows a chiral carbon at the intersection of two line

A

fischer projection

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69
Q

the most oxidized carbon is always represented where ?

A

top

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70
Q

what do you call the mixture of equal amounts of pair of enantiomers

A

racemic mixtures

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71
Q

what does racemate means

A

prefix, specific rotation is zero

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72
Q

what do you call the pairs of stereoisomers that are not enantiomers and has different in their chemical and physical properties

A

diastereomers

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73
Q

what do you call the pair of stereoisomers having two or more chiral centers and that are not enantiomers

A

diastereomers

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74
Q

what is the purpose of the chiral carbon with the highest number

A

used to determine the D- or L- configuration

75
Q

what configuration is the -OH group is on the right

A

D - configuration

76
Q

what configuration is the -OH group is on the left

A

L - configuration

77
Q

what do you call the five-membered rings

A

furanose

78
Q

what do you call the six-membered rings

A

pyranose

79
Q

what are the common names for glucose

A

dextrose, grape sugar, blood sugar

80
Q

what sugar is controlled by the hormones insulin and glucagon

A

glucose

81
Q

what is the normal blood glucose levels

A

under 100mg glucose/ 100mL blood c

81
Q

what is the normal blood glucose levels

A

under 100mg glucose/ 100mL blood c

82
Q

what stimulates the uptake of excess glucose

A

insulin

83
Q

what happens if blood glucose concentrations drop too low

A

feel lightheaded and shaky

84
Q

what stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood

A

glucagon

85
Q

what do you call the reaction between aldehyde and an alcohol

A

hemiacetal

86
Q

what do you call the carbonyl group of the aldehyde portion of the glucose molecule that reacts with C-5 hydroxyl group

A

cyclic intramolecular hemiacetal

87
Q

what do you call the isomers differing in the arrangement of bonds around the hemiacetal carbon

A

anomers

88
Q

what kind of anomers is C-1 hydroxyl group that is below the ring

A

a- anomers

89
Q

what kind of anomers is C-1 hydroxyl group that is above the ring

A

b- anomers

90
Q

what kind of sugar is known as levulose and a fruit sugar

A

fructose

91
Q

what sugar is the sweetest of all sugars

A

fructose

92
Q

examples of fructose

A

honey, corn syrup and sweet fruits

93
Q

what differs the fructose from the glucose

A
  • CH2OH group at carbon-1 (instead of -CHO group)
  • C=O group at carbon-2 (instead of CHOH)
  • it is a ketose
94
Q

what kind of sugar has a five-ring structure

A

fructose

95
Q

what kind of sugar is an aldohexose

A

galactose

96
Q

what has a diastereomer of glucose

A

galactose

97
Q

what are the components of blood group antigens:

A
  • B-D galactose
  • B-D-N- acetylgalactosamine
98
Q

what kind of sugar is considered to be an aldopentose

A

ribose

99
Q

what kind of sugar is an component of RNA, and coenzymes that are required by many of the enzymes that carry out biochemical reactions in the body

A

ribose

100
Q

what do you call the molecule that carries the genetic information of the cell

A

DNA

101
Q

what do you call the molecule that contains aldopentose B-D-2-deoxyribose

A

DNA

102
Q

what does “2-doexy” means

A

absence of an oxygen

103
Q

what do you call the -OH group found in ribose at C-2 has been replaced by a hydrogen

A

B-D-2-deoxyribose

104
Q

what do you call the readily oxidized by the Benedict’s reagent

A

aldehyde group of aldoses

105
Q

what kind of reagent has a basic buffer solution that contains Cu2+ ions

A

benedict’s reagent

106
Q

what positive result of benedict’s reagent

A

precipitate as brick-red

107
Q

what are not easily oxidized

A

ketoses

108
Q

what kind of reaction are ketoses can be converted to aldoses under basic conditions

A

enediol reaction

109
Q

benedict’s reagent are used to test for what?

A

glucosuria

110
Q

what do you call the presence of excess glucose

A

glucosuria

111
Q

what do you call the benedict’s reagent that does not produce the hormone insulin

A

type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

112
Q

what do you call the benedict’s reagent that the kidney is unable to reabsorb the excess

A

blood glucose level rises above 160mg/100mL

113
Q

what color result in benedict’s reagent indicates a very high concentration of glucose in the urine

A

brick-red color

114
Q

what color result in benedict’s reagent indicates a decreasing amounts of glucose in the urine

A

yellow, green, and blue-green solutions

115
Q

what color result indicates an insignificant concentration

A

blue solution

116
Q

what do you call the reaction that catalyzes the conversion of glucose into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide

A

glucose oxidase

117
Q

what do you call the impregnated with the enzyme glucose oxidase and other agents that will cause a measurable color change

A

test strip

118
Q

what do you call that catalyzes a reaction between the hydrogen peroxide and orthotolidine and produces a blue product

A

enzyme peroxidase

119
Q

glucose oxidase is a compound that result in color development of what

A

yellow dye

120
Q

what do you call a hemiacetal that reacts with an alcohol

A

acetal

121
Q

what result when acetals are form

A

glycosides

122
Q

what are produced in cells because the reactions are catalyzed by enzymes

A

glycosidic bonds

123
Q

what do you call a malt sugar

A

maltose

124
Q

what is maltose made up of

A

a-D-glucose

125
Q

what is the one of the intermediates in the hydrolysis of starch

A

maltose

126
Q

is maltose a reducing sugar

A

yes

127
Q

what kind of sugars does not react with the benedict’s reagent

A

non-reducing sugars

128
Q

what sugars are any disaccharide that has a hemiacetal hydroxyl group

A

reducing sugar

129
Q

what is considered to be a milk sugar and principal sugar in the milk of most mammals

A

lactose

130
Q

what is lactose made up of

A

B-D-galactose and either a- or B-D-glucose

131
Q

in lactose, what does galactose differs from glucose

A

only at the configuration of the hydroxyl group at C-4

132
Q

in lactose, galactose C-4 hydroxyl group is placed?

A

up

133
Q

in lactose, glucose C-4 hydroxyl group is placed?

A

down

134
Q

Additional info in lactose

A

B(1–>4) glycosidic bond
- hemiacetal hydroxyl group of B-D-galactose is bonded to the C-4 alcohol hydroxyl group of either an a- or B-D-glucose

135
Q

for lactose to be used by the body as an energy source it needs to be what

A

must be hydrolyzed to produce glucose and galactose

136
Q

what is liberated by the hydrolysis of lactose

A

glucose

137
Q

what is used directly in the energy-harvesting reaction of glyclyosis

A

glucose

138
Q

what is converted into a phosphorylated from of glucose that can be used in cellular metabolic reactions

A

galactose

139
Q

what do you call the absence of one or more of the enzymes needed for the conversion of galactose

A

galactosemia

140
Q

what leads to severe mental disabilities, cataracts, and early death

A

galactosemia

141
Q

what disease has undigested lactose

A

lactose intolerant

142
Q

in undigested lactose where does it remain

A

intestinal tract

143
Q

causes of undigested lactose

A

cramping and diarrhea

144
Q

What does undigested lactose leads

A

dehydration

145
Q

what should be avoided in a diet if the individual is lactose intolerant

A

milk products

146
Q

what kind of sugar is considered a table sugar, cane sugar and beet sugar

A

sucrose

147
Q

what carbohydrate is important for plants

A

sucrose

148
Q

is sucrose water soluble

A

yes

149
Q

what is easily transported through the circulatory system of the plant

A

sucrose

150
Q

what cannot be synthesized by plants

A

sucrose

151
Q

what is sucrose made up of

A

a-D-glucose and B-D-glucose

152
Q

what inhibits the growth of microorganisms and used as a preservative

A

high concentrations

153
Q

additional info in sucrose

A
  • It has no hemiacetal group and a not reducing sugar
  • sucrose will not react with benedict’s reagent
  • ring cannot open to the linear form
154
Q

additional info in sucrose

A

(a1–> B2) glycosidic linkage
- bond involves the anomeric carbons of both sugar
- C-1 hemiacetal hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of glucose
- C-1 hemiacetal hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of fructose

155
Q

what do you call the large polymer composed of many monosaccharide units (the monomers) joined in one or more chains

A

polysaccharides

156
Q

in polysaccharides, what do you call the single monosaccharide

A

homopolysaccharides

157
Q

in polysaccharides, what do you call the two or more different monosaccharides

A

heteropolysaccharides

158
Q

what kind of polysaccharide is starch

A

homopolysaccharides

159
Q

what heterogenous material is starch composed of

A

amylose and amylopectin

160
Q

what do you the call that consists of 20% of the starch of a plant cell

A

amylose

161
Q

what contains up to 4000 glucose units

A

amylose (single chain)

162
Q

what coils up into a helix that repeats every six glucose units

A

amylose (single chain

163
Q

what are the degraded 2 types of enzymes of a amylose

A

a-Amylase and B-amylase

164
Q

what cleaves the glycosidic bonds of amylose chains at random along the chain

A

a-Amylase

165
Q

what sequentially cleaves the disaccharide maltose from the reducing end of the amylose chain

A

B-amylase

166
Q

what do you call the highly branched amylose

A

amylopectin

167
Q

branches of amylopectin

A
  • attached to the C-6 hydroxyl groups
168
Q

in amylopectin, each branch contains how many glucose units

A

20-25 glucose units

169
Q

it is the major glucose storage molecule in animals

A

glycogen

170
Q

it is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle

A

glycogen

171
Q

main chain of glycogen

A

linked by a (1–>4) glycosidic bonds

172
Q

branches of glycogen

A

numerous a(1–>6) glycosidic bonds

173
Q

what differs glycogen from amylopectin

A

having more and shorter branches

174
Q

what happens when glycogen synthesis and degradation

A

it keeps blood glucose levels constant

175
Q

what is the most abundant polysaccharide

A

cellulose

176
Q

what is the most abundant organic molecule

A

cellulose

177
Q

how many units does a molecule of cellulose consist

A

3000 glucose units

178
Q

what do you call the largest known cellulose

A

alga Valonia

179
Q

what kind of polymer is cellulose

A

polymer of B-D-glucose units linked by B(1–>4) glycosidic bonds

180
Q

why we cannot synthesize the enzyme Cellulose

A

cellulose cannot be digested by humans

181
Q

cellulose from and fruits and vegetables serves as what

A

fiber in the diet

182
Q

what are long, straight chains of parallel cellulose molecules

A

fibrils

183
Q
A

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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