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Cell division, genetics & molecular biology > molecular genetics > Flashcards

molecular genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid
made up of 4 building blocks called nucleotides which float freely in the nucleus. Consists of: 5-carbon sugar(deoxyribose), phosphate group, ringed shaped nitrogen base(A-T,G-C)

A

DNA

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2
Q

double ringed

A

purine nucleotides

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3
Q

single ringed

A

pyrimidine nucleotides

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4
Q

2 bases that are double ringed (purine nucleotides)

A

Adenine(A) and Guanine(G)

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5
Q

2 bases that are single ringed (pyrimidine nucleotides)

A

Thymine(T) and Cytosine(C)

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6
Q

discovered that bacteria can transfer genetic information but was unable to identify the agent of transformation

A

1928 : Fredrick Griffiths

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7
Q

deduced the double helical structure of DNA which became accepted as the molecular structure of DNA. stole Rosalind’s notes

A

1953: Watson and Crick

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8
Q

discovered that DNA contains equal amounts of adenine and thymine and equal amounts of guanine and cytosine

A

1949: Chargaff

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9
Q

identified Griffiths transforming principles as DNA

A

1944: Avery,McCarty and MacLoed

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10
Q

used radioactive labeling to finally conclude that DNA was a genetic material (and not protein)

A

1952: Hershey and Chase

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11
Q

bombarded DNA with x-rays to determine DNA’s helical shape

A

1953: Rosalind Franklin

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12
Q

double helix shape. Antiparrallel

A

DNA

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13
Q

DNA unwinds. __relieves tension from unwinding-SSBP keeps DNA from recoiling

A

Topoisomerase

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14
Q

DNA unzips-hydrogen bonds between paired nucleotides are broken by enzymes (__) and the two strands seperate (like a zipper)

A

Helicase

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15
Q

The seperate strands (polynucleotide strands) now have bases that are unpaired and expose contents of the __.

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

DNA nucleotides floating in nucleus then attach themselves to complementary bases along each of the “_” _ strands

A

old DNA

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17
Q

holds seperate strands apart

A

Single stranded binding proteins (SSBP)

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18
Q

1.___ are attached to the template (old) strands by 2.__

A
  1. RNA primer
  2. Primase
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19
Q

1.__ adds free nucleotides to the growing strands in one direction only. Which is 2.__ direction

A

1.DNA polymerase
2.5’ to 3’

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20
Q

This strand is assembled continuously in the direction towards replication fork

A

Leading strand

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21
Q

The other strand is assembled in short fragments (2.__) in the direction away from replication fork

A

Lagging strand
2.Okazaki fragments

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22
Q

RNA primers are removed by __ and replaced with DNA nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase I

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23
Q

DNA __ joins DNA fragments together(any gaps between sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA fragments)

A

ligase

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24
Q

This type of replication is called __ because each DNA molecule has one strand from the original DNA molecule and one new strand

A

Semi-conservative

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25
Q

Replication is reliable. Mistakes are infrequent and can be caused by environmental factors such as 1.__ and 2.___

A
  1. chemical
  2. radiation
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26
Q

Mistakes in replication causes __ bases to pair. Special enzymes in cell act as proof readers and can fix mutations

A

uncomplimentary

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27
Q

the proof readers

A

DNA polymerase I & III

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28
Q

this replication requires special 1.__ and 2.__ as an energy source. The nucleotides come from protein that we eat.

A
  1. Enzymes
    2.ATP
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29
Q

DNA backbone is made of

A

deoxyribose sugar + phosphate

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30
Q

On the lagging strand. Fragments of DNA that must be joined together following the replacement of RNA primers with DNA

A

okazaki fragments

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31
Q

DNA occurs in the __ of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

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32
Q

CRISPR

A

Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats

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33
Q

Gel electrophoresis is used to separate molecules according to their mass & charge. Used to separate fragments produced by using restriction enzymes. electric current pass through. DNA is attracted to + end as it is - charged. Smaller fragments move more frequently

A

Sorting & analyzing DNA

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34
Q

The nucleus of the unfertilized egg is destroyed with radiation. A diploid nucleus from a body cell is placed into the irradiated cell. The cell then divides as if it were fertilized.

A

Cloning

35
Q

This process involves replacing defective genes w/ healthy ones. When the bacteria now undergoes protein synthesis, it will also make the protein associated with the plasmid gene

A

Gene therapy

36
Q

DNA molecule made from the DNA of different organisms. Made by using special enzymes called restriction enzymes & ligases. The restriction enzymes make cuts in the DNA of both organisms at same sequences(like cutting identically shaped puzzle pieces). Ligases are used to connect the two different pieces of DNA together

A

Recombinant DNA

37
Q

genes that direct assembly of amino acids into proteins

A

Structural Genes

38
Q

act like a switch that turn “off” segments of DNA molecules so the gene is only active when & where its gene product is needed

A

Regulatory genes

39
Q

cancer causing genes that control cell growth & multiplication. When a mutagen causes the _ to move away (transposed) from its regulatory gene, the cell mat be unable to turn “off”. causes cell to continue dividing at accelerated rate

A

oncogenes

40
Q

Uncontrolled cell growth results in formation of _

A

tumor

41
Q

Tumors can be __(slow growing, limited to specific region) Doesn’t always mean not harmful -most brain tumors

A

BENIGN

42
Q

Tumors can be __ (grow rapidly, undergo metastasis where they relocated to new areas of the body). cancerous (__) tumors grow very large until they get their own blood supply, then grow bigger (nutrient source).

A

MALIGNANT

43
Q

stage 1-___. When oncogene moves away from its switch & will grow/divide constantly

A

Transformation

44
Q

stage 2-__. transfered cells grow into mass (tumor)

A

Proliferation

45
Q

stage 3-__. tumor cells send chemical messages to circulatory system so that the tumor can have its own dedicated blood system(nutrient source)

A

Angiogenesis

45
Q

Stage 4-__. tumor cells break off & spread to other parts of the body, growing new tumors.

A

Metastasis

46
Q

do not help nor harm an individual/species. (Ex: blood type, hair/eye colour,etc.) things that produce variety in species,but don not give individuals an advantage.

A

Neutral mutation

47
Q

are harmful to an organism/species. In humans, can cause genetic disorders (EX: sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis)

A

Negative mutation

48
Q

when red blood cells have sickle-shaped instead of doughnut shape(jelly filled) this makes it more difficult for cells to carry oxygen

A

Sickle cell anemia

49
Q

this happens when proteins that transport chloride ions are not present/do not work properly.Cystic fibrosis causes several respiratory problems because of buildup of mucus in the lungs

A

Cystic fibrosis

50
Q

are beneficial to survival of an organism/species. (EX resistance to HIV)

A

Positive mutation

51
Q

frame shift, mutations that changes coding for an amino acid(s). They usually involve more than a single base pair.

A

gene mutation

52
Q

the removal of a base pair or group of pairs from a DNA sequence

A

Deletion (gene mutation)

53
Q

one or more nucleotides are inserted to the DNA sequence

A

Insertion (gene mutation)

54
Q

a mutation at a specific base pair

A

point mutation

55
Q

a mutation that doesn’t result in a change for an amino acid. (EX UGU to UGC, both cysteine)

A

Silent mutation (point mutation)

56
Q

a mutation that results in the single substitution of one amino acid in the polypeptide

A

Missense mutation (point mutation)

57
Q

a mutation that coverts a for an amino acid into a stop codon

A

Nonsense mutation (point mutation)

58
Q

section of DNA w/ the information to construct a protein

A

Gene

59
Q

process of using a DNA template to create a strand of RNA

A

transcription

60
Q

Process of making a protein

A

Translation

61
Q

sections of mRNA that don’t code for proteins, removed from the strand of pre-RNA, eventually broken down & recycled.

A

Introns

62
Q

Sections of mRNA which become “expressed” or translated into protein, spliced w/ other __ into long chain of mature, mRNA instructions are translated into a protein

A

Exona

63
Q

DNA code is transferred into mRNA

A

step 1 in summary of protein synthesis

64
Q

mRNA moves to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

A

step 2 in summary of protein synthesis

65
Q

tRNA combines with amino acids

A

step 3 in summary of protein synthesis

66
Q

tRNA attaches amino acids to mRNA

A

step 4 in summary of protein synthesis

67
Q

Amino acids attach to each other to form polypeptide/protein

A

step 5 in summary of protein synthesis

68
Q

write down the instructions, mRNA molecules is formed from the step 1 in summary of protein synthesis occurs in nucleus

A

transcription

69
Q

building the design. mRNA molecule foes in ribosome in the cytoplasm & is transformed into polypeptide (protein) using DNA instructions encoded in mRNA

A

Translation

70
Q

RNA polymerase binds to promoter region(starter codon AUG). step 1 in summary of protein synthesisdouble helix unzips(only needed portion of step 1 in summary of protein synthesis unwinds) via enzyme RNA polymerase breaking the hydrogen bonds & exposing step 1 in summary of protein synthesis bases on ladder

A

Initiation of transcription

71
Q

formation of mRNA by RNA polymerase. Exposed step 1 in summary of protein synthesis bases are used as template to which free floating RNA nucleotides bind to them (only one strand of DNA is used as template)

A

Elongation of transcription

72
Q

RNa polymerase stops transcribing a gen when it reaches stop codon (terminator codon). RNA nucleotides attach together to form single stranded molecule called messenger RNA(mRNA). transcription stops & mRNA strand peels off & moves to ribosome where it will control the sequence of amino acids during protein formation. DNA rewinds

A

Termination in transcription

73
Q

ribosome binds to mRNA at start codon. astart codon indicates where translation begins, all polypeptides begin with methionine (Met) (AUG)

A

Initiation in translation

74
Q

first tRNA that is brought into the p side carries amino acid Met. next tRNA for following codon enters to other binding site (A site) carrying needed amino acid. peptide bonds form between amino acids, ribosome moves down 1 codon, so that second tRNA is now in P site and A site is empty.

A

elongation in translation

75
Q

The ribosome will reach a stop codon. Stop codons do not code for an amino acid and cause the protein synthesis to stop, releasing the finished protein.

A

termination in translation

76
Q

Found in cucleus & cytoplasm. Composed of RNA nucleotides- sugar (ribose), phosphate, & nitrogen base (A,U,C,G). Single stranded much shorter than DNA. 3 types

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

77
Q

carries DNA code from nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

78
Q

carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes from the cytoplasm

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

79
Q

invovled in ribosome structure & function. (know name of this but not much else)

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

80
Q

a 1.__ (mutant) or 2.__ gene may alter the structure & function of protein. Can have serious results

A

1.defective
2.missing

81
Q

a large, complex chain composed of different combinations of 20 different amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determine the characteristics /nature.

A

protein

82
Q

A protein is a large, complex chain composed of different combinations of 20 different amino acids. This chain is called __

A

polypeptide

83
Q

contains info for protein synthesis, sequence of base pairs, 3 bases in a row act as codon for specific amino acid, 64 codons in total, some amino acids have more than 1 codon

A

DNA code

Cell division, genetics & molecular biology (3 decks)

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