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Cell division, genetics & molecular biology > Cell division > Flashcards

Cell division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Largest structure to smallest

A

Organism, Organ, tissue, cells, nucleus, chromosome, gene, DNA

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2
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?

A

46

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3
Q

How many chromosomes does an egg/sperm have?

A

23

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4
Q

How many chromosmes does a fertilized egg have?

A

46

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5
Q

Avantages of reproducing sexually

A

Diversity/variability

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6
Q

Avantages of reproducing asexually

A

Quicker, no energy finding a mate, produce more.

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7
Q

Normal process of cell division where one cell divides in such a way as to produce 2 identical daughter cells with same chromosome # as parent cell.

A

Mitosis

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8
Q

When cell does its job,preparing for cell division, uncondensed chromatin. 90% of life cycle of cells. Replication of DNA.

A

Interphase

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9
Q

immediately follows mitosis; cells grow in size; cytoplasmic molecules & structures increase in number(organelles double)

A

G1 (gap/growth phase)

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10
Q

Chromosome DNA is replicated

A

S (synthesis phase)

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11
Q

final preparation for cell division

A

G2 (gap/growth phase)

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12
Q

Chromatin shortens/thickens to form chromosomes.chromosomes composed of 2 chromatids attached by centromere. nuclear mem. disappears. centrosomes migrate to opposite poles & form spindle fibers

A

prophase

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13
Q

made up of genes. A thread like structure made up of DNA & proteins

A

chromosomes

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14
Q

uncondensed chromosomes, complex of DNA & protein that make up chromosomes

A

chromatin

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15
Q

Half of a duplicated chromosomes

A

Chromatids

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16
Q

Made up of 2 centrioles. produce spindle fibers that move the chromosomes

A

Centrosome

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17
Q

Individual part that make centrosomes

A

centriole

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18
Q

Structure that holds chromatids together

A

Centromere

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19
Q

chromatids are highly visible and align themselves along the middle of the cell (equatorial plate)

A

Metaphase

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20
Q

Centromere split, and chromatids seperate (now have 2 single stranded, unduplicated chromosomes) spindle fibers pull seperated chromosomes to opposite poles

A

Anaphase

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21
Q

Nuclear membrane/nucleoli reforms. chromosomes become chromatin, spindle fibers dissolve, chromosomes become longer & thinner(chromatin)

A

Telophase

22
Q

Cytoplasm divides, not a phase in mitosis

A

Cytokinesis

23
Q

a term to describe the number of chromosomes sets in a nucleus and is represented by the letter n

A

Ploidy

24
Q

refers to two sets of chromosomes (full complement) and is found in body cells.

A

Diploid

25
Q

are organismes with three or more complete sets of chromosomes. if diploid is 2n, then triploid is 3n, tetraploid is 4n,etc

A

Polyploids

26
Q

process in which sex cells (gametes) are formed, occur in gonads(ovaries, fallopian tube 7 testes) not identical haploid to parent cell. one replication.

A

meiosis

27
Q

chromatin becomes visible chromosomes with chromatids joined by centromere, nuclear mem. fades, centrioles move to opp. poles, spindle appear. Homologous chromosomes pair up forming tetrad

A

Prophase I

28
Q

2 homologous/4 chromatids

A

tetrad

29
Q

tetrads line up on the equatorial plate

A

metaphase I

30
Q

Homologous pairs/tetrads seperate & move to opposite poles(segregation) diploid mother becomes 2 haploid daughters

A

Anaphase I

31
Q

Division of cytoplasm forming 2 cells that are not identical

A

Telophase I

32
Q

Centrioles in the two new cells move to opposite poles, nuclear mem. dissapears, spindle reappear

A

prophase II

33
Q

Chromatids line up on equatorial plate

A

Metaphase II

34
Q

Sister chromatids seperate and move to opposite poles

A

Anaphase II

35
Q

Nuclear membrane reforms. haploid daughter cells forming.

A

Telophase II

36
Q

Resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells (all nonidentical) each with half the chromosomes of the original parent cell. Then chromosomes unravel & turn back into chromatin

A

Cytokinesis (miosis)

37
Q

chromosomes similar in length,location of centromere & order of genes. One is received from each parent

A

Homologous chromosomes (homologues)

38
Q

homologous chromosomes pair up, forming tetrads during prophase I in meiosis I

A

Synapsis

39
Q

breaking and rejoining homologous non-sister chromatids (increases genetic variation); results in recombinants (new gametes with new gene combinations)

A

crossing over

40
Q

the process by which 2 sister chromatids formed because DNA replicaiton, or paired homologous chromosomes, separate from each other & migrate to opp. poles. process occurs in mitosis & meiosis

A

segregation

41
Q

the haploid (n) stage of a plant that produces gametes by mitosis, which fuse and produce the sporophyte generation

A

Gametophyte

42
Q

The diploid stage of a plant that produces spores by meiosis

A

Sporophyte

43
Q

the gamete joins with 24 chromosomes joins with a normal gamete (230 to form zygote with 47 chromosomes

A

trisomy

44
Q

The gamete with 22 chromosomes joins with a normal gamete (23) to form zygote with 45 chromosomes

A

Monosomy

45
Q

results in trisomy or monosomy which results in down syndrome, Klinfelter syndrome, & turners syndrome

A

Nondisjunction

46
Q

A group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterise a particular abnormally or condition, however not all symptoms may be present in each patient & not the same degree of severity

A

Syndrome

47
Q

47 chromosomes (extra 21-also called trisomy 21)

A

Down syndrome

48
Q

XXY-47 (extra X chromosomes;but will be male due to presence of Y chromosome)Calico

A

Klinefelter syndrome

49
Q

XO-45 chromosomes, individuals only have one X chromosome (will have 45 chromosomes and be female)

A

Turners syndrime

50
Q

Picture of chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs

A

karyotype

Cell division, genetics & molecular biology (3 decks)

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