Molecular Biology of Eukaryotes Flashcards
E. coli RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in the – direction
5’ to 3’
E. coli RNA polymerase copies a – template
DNA
within primary eukaryotic transcripts, introns are considerably different in – and – among different genes
size and number
– of histones associated with the retrotransposon would decrease the transcription of retrotransposons
deacetylation
– of retrotransposon DNA could decrease the transcription of retrotransposons
methylation
a protein collar around the centromere that is the site of attachment of the spindle fiber to the chromosomes during cell division
kinetochore
region at the poles of the cell giving rise to the asters (microtubules projecting past the centrioles)
centrosome
smallest ssRNA molecule
tRNA
tRNA contains the anticodon and functions to deliver – to the growing peptide chain based on the codon specified by mRNA
individual amino acids
mRNA is – than hnMRA
shorter
most numerous ssRNA molecule
rRNA
inversions usually don’t cause any abnormalities in carriers as long as the rearrangement is – with no extra or missing DNA
balanced
ini individuals heterozygous for an inversion, there is an increased production of abnormal chromatids which results from – occurring within the span of the inversion
crossing over
What evidence shows that the AG gene is important for the formation of reproductive organs in Arabidopsis plants? AG mutant flowers don’t have –
reproductive organs
general term referring to extracellular material such as glycoprotein or glycolipids
glycocalyx
glycocalyx are located on the apical surface of – cells
endothelial
glycocalyx is composed of a – charged network of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
negatively
generally – are found on the surface of plasma membranes, contributes to cell-cell recognition, communication, and intracellular adhesion
glycolipids
glycocalyx plays a major role in the endothelial vascular tissue, including the modulation of – volume in capillaries
red blood cell
glycocalyx helps maintain plasma and – wall homeostasis
vessel
glycocalyx is used to – to surfaces and amy be responsible for virulence
adhere
DNA supercoiling is regulated by DNA –
topoisomerases
– is a subset of topoisomerase II; it creates ds breaks between the backbone of DNA and relaxes DNA supercoils by unwinding the nicked strand around the other strand
gyrase
unwinds DNA and induces severe supercoiling in the dsDNA when it hydrolyzes the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary base pairs and exposes the bases for replication
helicase
– control of gene transcription in eukaryotes is when the presence or absence of a combination of transcription factors is required
combinatorial
N-acetylmuramic acid, teichoic acid, peptide chains, and peptidoglycan make up the –wall
bacterial cell
in prokaryotes, DNA pol I is involved in – with 3’ to 5’
excision repair
in prokaryotes, DNA pol I is involved in 5’ to 3’ – activity
exonuclease
in prokaryotes, DNA pol I processes – generated during the lagging strand synthesis
Okazaki fragments
in prokaryotes, – is the primary enzymes involved in DNA replication
DNA pol III
protein scaffolding used for the splicing of the hnRNA into mRNA
lariat structure
a second round of transcription can begin – the preceding transcript is completed
before
mitochondrial DNA is similar in sir and composition to – DNA
bacterial
during splicing, snRNA base pairs with –
hnRNA sequences in the intron
large and complex molecular machine assembled from snRNP and protein complexes; it catalyzes the removal of introns and the ligation of the flanking exons
spliceosome
– is a component of snRNP and provides specificity by recognizing the sequences of critical splicing signals agh the 5’ and 3’ ends and branch site of introns
snRNA
– is the only macromolecule that is repaired rather than degraded
polynucleotide
– are found in the linker regions of about 50 nucleotides between the nucleosomes
H1 histones
during splicing, the phosphodiester bond at the upstream exon/intron boundary is hydrolyzed by – of a base within the intron
2’OH
What is the expected charge, if any, on a histone that binds to DNA?
positive
DNA has an overall negative charge due to negative – attached to the phosphate group that is attached to the deoxyribose sugar
oxygen
histones are composed of a high concentrate of basic (positive charge) amino acids like
lysine and glycine
nucleic acids elongate via nucleophilic attack by the – of the nascent (i.e. growing strand)
3’ OH
– do not undergo post-transcriptional modifications
prokaryotic RNA
because prokaryotes lack a nucleus, the synthesis of RNA occurs – with the synthesis of the polypeptide
simultaneously
