Molecular Biology of Eukaryotes

Question 1

E. coli RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in the – direction

Answer 1

5’ to 3’

Question 2

E. coli RNA polymerase copies a – template

Answer 2

DNA

Question 3

within primary eukaryotic transcripts, introns are considerably different in – and – among different genes

Answer 3

size and number

Question 4

– of histones associated with the retrotransposon would decrease the transcription of retrotransposons

Answer 4

deacetylation

Question 5

– of retrotransposon DNA could decrease the transcription of retrotransposons

Answer 5

methylation

Question 6

a protein collar around the centromere that is the site of attachment of the spindle fiber to the chromosomes during cell division

Answer 6

kinetochore

Question 7

region at the poles of the cell giving rise to the asters (microtubules projecting past the centrioles)

Answer 7

centrosome

Question 8

smallest ssRNA molecule

Answer 8

tRNA

Question 9

tRNA contains the anticodon and functions to deliver – to the growing peptide chain based on the codon specified by mRNA

Answer 9

individual amino acids

Question 10

mRNA is – than hnMRA

Answer 10

shorter

Question 11

most numerous ssRNA molecule

Answer 11

rRNA

Question 12

inversions usually don’t cause any abnormalities in carriers as long as the rearrangement is – with no extra or missing DNA

Answer 12

balanced

Question 13

ini individuals heterozygous for an inversion, there is an increased production of abnormal chromatids which results from – occurring within the span of the inversion

Answer 13

crossing over

Question 14

What evidence shows that the AG gene is important for the formation of reproductive organs in Arabidopsis plants? AG mutant flowers don’t have –

Answer 14

reproductive organs

Question 15

general term referring to extracellular material such as glycoprotein or glycolipids

Answer 15

glycocalyx

Question 16

glycocalyx are located on the apical surface of – cells

Answer 16

endothelial

Question 17

glycocalyx is composed of a – charged network of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

Answer 17

negatively

Question 18

generally – are found on the surface of plasma membranes, contributes to cell-cell recognition, communication, and intracellular adhesion

Answer 18

glycolipids

Question 19

glycocalyx plays a major role in the endothelial vascular tissue, including the modulation of – volume in capillaries

Answer 19

red blood cell

Question 20

glycocalyx helps maintain plasma and – wall homeostasis

Answer 20

vessel

Question 21

glycocalyx is used to – to surfaces and amy be responsible for virulence

Answer 21

adhere

Question 22

DNA supercoiling is regulated by DNA –

Answer 22

topoisomerases

Question 23

– is a subset of topoisomerase II; it creates ds breaks between the backbone of DNA and relaxes DNA supercoils by unwinding the nicked strand around the other strand

Answer 23

gyrase

Question 24

unwinds DNA and induces severe supercoiling in the dsDNA when it hydrolyzes the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary base pairs and exposes the bases for replication

Answer 24

helicase

Question 25

– control of gene transcription in eukaryotes is when the presence or absence of a combination of transcription factors is required

Answer 25

combinatorial

Question 26

N-acetylmuramic acid, teichoic acid, peptide chains, and peptidoglycan make up the –wall

Answer 26

bacterial cell

Question 27

in prokaryotes, DNA pol I is involved in – with 3’ to 5’

Answer 27

excision repair

Question 28

in prokaryotes, DNA pol I is involved in 5’ to 3’ – activity

Answer 28

exonuclease

Question 29

in prokaryotes, DNA pol I processes – generated during the lagging strand synthesis

Answer 29

Okazaki fragments

Question 30

in prokaryotes, – is the primary enzymes involved in DNA replication

Answer 30

DNA pol III

Question 31

protein scaffolding used for the splicing of the hnRNA into mRNA

Answer 31

lariat structure

Question 32

a second round of transcription can begin – the preceding transcript is completed

Answer 32

before

Question 33

mitochondrial DNA is similar in sir and composition to – DNA

Answer 33

bacterial

Question 34

during splicing, snRNA base pairs with –

Answer 34

hnRNA sequences in the intron

Question 35

large and complex molecular machine assembled from snRNP and protein complexes; it catalyzes the removal of introns and the ligation of the flanking exons

Answer 35

spliceosome

Question 36

– is a component of snRNP and provides specificity by recognizing the sequences of critical splicing signals agh the 5’ and 3’ ends and branch site of introns

Answer 36

snRNA

Question 37

– is the only macromolecule that is repaired rather than degraded

Answer 37

polynucleotide

Question 38

– are found in the linker regions of about 50 nucleotides between the nucleosomes

Answer 38

H1 histones

Question 39

during splicing, the phosphodiester bond at the upstream exon/intron boundary is hydrolyzed by – of a base within the intron

Answer 39

2’OH

Question 40

What is the expected charge, if any, on a histone that binds to DNA?

Answer 40

positive

Question 41

DNA has an overall negative charge due to negative – attached to the phosphate group that is attached to the deoxyribose sugar

Answer 41

oxygen

Question 42

histones are composed of a high concentrate of basic (positive charge) amino acids like

Answer 42

lysine and glycine

Question 43

nucleic acids elongate via nucleophilic attack by the – of the nascent (i.e. growing strand)

Answer 43

3’ OH

Question 44

– do not undergo post-transcriptional modifications

Answer 44

prokaryotic RNA

Question 45

because prokaryotes lack a nucleus, the synthesis of RNA occurs – with the synthesis of the polypeptide

Answer 45

simultaneously