Molecular Biology Flashcards
Branch of biology that deals with molecular structure of cells
Molecular biology
Nucleic acids are _ (structure) composed of ___, ___, ___
linear polymers composed of bases, sugars, and phosphate
RNA nucleotides, “Ribonucleotide”
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
RNA are made up of __ carbon sugar called __
5 carbon sugar, ribose
Nitrogenous base of RNA
Pyrimidine (Uracil, Cytosine)
Purine (Adenine, Guanine)
RNA is composed of (3 pts)
5-carbon sugar (ribose)
Nitrogenous bases
Phosphate group.
The genetic material of all cellular organisms.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Governs cellular activities through the formation of RNA messages.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
DNA: Stores information for the specific order of ____in proteins.
specific order of amino acids
: Ensures stable inheritance under terrestrial conditions
DNA
DNA structure of DNA
• Nitrogenous bases
• Forms a double helix.
Nitrogenous bases pair via ___ bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Alanine pairs with
Thymine
Cytosine pairs with
Guanine
During meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material in a process called
Crossing over
a unique content of genetic information
Genome
sites in the genome that vary among different individuals
Genetic polymorphism
carriers of genetic information, Thread-like material of the nucleus
Chromosomes
position of the genes in a chromosome
loci
In biochemistry, we have the main biochemicals in
the body (basic bio substances in the body)
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
The information of the DNA is made
available to the cell via RNA formation
GENE EXPRESSION
synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
Transcription
Transcription is Mediated by ____ or ___
DNA dependent RNA polymerase or “RNA polymerase”
RNA polymerase catalyze formation of ____ that links the ___ together to form a ____
phosphodiester bond link nucleotides together form linear chain
site on the DNA where the RNA polymerase binds
Promoter
an RNA with an equal length to the DNA
“Primary Transcript”
or “Pre-RNA”
Unwinds the DNA as it moves
RNA Polymerase
RNA Polymerase Synthesizes the RNA strand in the _____, complementary to the DNA template strand.
5’ to 3’ direction
RNA polymerase needs a ___
promoter
Functions of RNA polymerase
- Catalyzes Formation of Phosphodiester Bonds
- Moves stepwise along the DNA
Once RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA, one of those DNA line will be transcribed to an
RNA chain
The DNA consists of “______” - genes with
intervening sequences
SPLIT GENES
long sequence of genes that are removed during RNA processing
Introns
short sequence that consist of functional genes
Exons
•removal of introns from the newly synthesized
RNA
• Done by RNAs
RNA Splicing
After processing, mature RNA are translated to its
respective amino acid to form proteins. This
method is called
Translation
Translation process
Mature RNA are translated to its respective amino acid to form proteins
- sequence of genes or nitrogenous basis na walang naka tago na trait or information
- useless because they do not carry information (sir rog nag say)
introns
Introns doesn’t contribute to any information but
contributes on the ____
length of the DNA
are genes that carries our information (traits and everything)
Exons
Once DNA has been transcribed to RNA, primary
transcript ( pre RNA) contains both __ and
___
introns and exons
Transcription
DNA → pre RNA
RNA splicing
Pre RNA → RNA
translation
RNA → protein
There are around ___ blood groups systems and
over ___ blood antigens
33 blood groups svstems, 300 blood antigens
are composed of antigens made up of glycoproteins or glycolipids encoded by genes that codes for glycosyltransferases
ABO, P, Lewis, H, I, and MNS
The remaining blood group systems, the
antigens are direct consequences of _____
in the protein sequence
Amino acid variation
ABO, P, Lewis, H, I, and MNS : composed of antigens made up of ____ or ___ encoded by genes that codes for ____
-glycoproteins or glycolipids
- glycosyltransferases
Most blood group variants are results of one or
more ____
single nucleotide polymorphism
Most blood group variants are results of one or
more single nucleotide polymorphism: includes
• Gene deletion
•Insertion
•Intergenic recombination
•Substitution
•Translocation
•Duplication
Actions of genes responsible for
the traits and disease
Duplication
Why is it that the antigens are made up of
glycolipids (carbohydrates) yet translated RNA is
protein (amino acids)?
The binding sites of the amino acids are
complementary to the carbohydrates or
lipids needed (included already in the genes)
variation on the genes
Polymorphism
RBC membrane is _ to allow a close to maximum surface to volume ratio and optimal gaseous exchange
Concave shape
Why is the RBC membrane a biconcave shape
-maximum surface to volume ratio
- optimal gaseous exchange
Functions of RBC membrane
- Deformability
- osmotic balance
- support for antigens
- gas exchange
There are blood vessels in the body that are very small (smaller than RBC). In order for the RBC to travel through the capillaries, they need to be??
deformed
Exchange of electrolytes inside
and outside the cell
Osmotic balance
- controls the active transport of Na and K in the cell
Na-K pump
Intracellular to extracellular ratio of Na and K are
___ and ___ respectively
1:12 and 25:1
RBC membrane is freely permeable to water and anions like ___ and ___
chloride and bicarbonate
There is more sodium ___ the cell than on the
___
There is more sodium outside the cell than on the
inside
There is more potassium __ the cell than on the
___
There is more potassium inside the cell than on the
outside
Found in the outer surface to the entire
membrane including the inner cytoplasmic
side
Integral Protein (Transmembranous)
Integral Protein (Transmembranous) supports the ___ .blood group antigens
CHO
Integral protein: component A and Glycophorin A produces ___
“Sialic acid” (Neuraminic acid/NeuNAc)
gives the RBC a negative charge for “Zeta Potential”
sialic acid
Sialic Acid - gives the RBC a ___ for ____
Negative charge for zeta potential
phenomenon where the RBCs do not bump to each other
Zeta potential
Because of Zeta potential’s ___ they can repel the RBC to RBC
negative charge
Other integral proteins
• Glycophorin B, C
• Anion-Exchange-Channel Proteins
Peripheral protein forms the -
Cytoskeleton
can be found in the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane
Peripheral protein (Skeletal)
For normal KBC membrane
Spectrin and Actin
Alpha and beta spectrin - each has ___ amino acids forming a ___ sheath
106 amino acids, helix shape sheath
Spectrin and Actin are both fixed in the membrane by the protein ___
Ankyrin
for calcium flow and is controlled by calmodulin, protein in the membrane
Ca2+ ATPase
Changes in cell shape are reversible and depend on ____ and _____.
ATP levels and intracellular calcium ion concentrations.
Other Peripheral Proteins:
• Ankyrin
• Protein 4.1
• Adducin
• Dematin
• Tropomyosin
• Tropomodulin
Blood antigens are placed on the?
integral proteins
Deformability of the RBC is affected by the ___
and ____
ATP levels and intracellular levels of calcium
Composition of proteins in RBC membrane
Proteins (50%)
Composition of lipids in RBC membrane
40%
Lipids Distribution depends on enzymes:
Flippases
Floppases
Scramblases
3 layers of lipids
- External Surface (Outer Layer)
- Internal Surface (Inner Layer)
- Cholesterol
External surface of lipids is composed of
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Sphingomyelin
• glycolipids
act as receptors for extracellular ligands, enabling the cell to interact with its environment by binding to external molecules before they enter the cell
Glycolipids
Internal surface of lipids is composed of
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylinositol
Cholesterol is found throughout the lipid bilayer in its ___ form
esterified form
Properties of cholesterol in lipid bilayer
Tensile Strength, Hydrophobicity
Cholesterol is very hydrophobic that is why it is placed parallel to the ___ of the phospholipids
Acyl tails
Composition of carbohydrates in the RBC membrane
10%
Carbohydrate together with the lipids, forms the??
glycocalyx
protects the RBC from impact with other RBCs or vessel walls
glycocalyx
If in our RBC there is no glycocalyx and sialic acid,
RBC membrane would be sticky so
-Mag dikitdikit ang mga RBC
-Would not function well
-Cause blockage
