Basic Immunology Flashcards
a study of molecules, cells, organs, and systems that recognize and
dispose foreign materials, “non-self” (how and its consequences)
immunology
main stars of immunology
lymphocytes
consequences of immunity
allergy, organ rejection, and autoimmune disorders
body’s first line of defense
- Unbroken Skin
- Mucus membrane
- Sebum from Sebaceous glands
- Lactic acid in sweat
- Earwax
- Excretion of Solids and Liquids (feces/urine)
- Acidity of Stomach, Intestines, and Vagina
- Cilia in respiratory tract
- Tears (With IgA)
- Saliva
natural immunity, inborn/innate
second line
-Non-specific, No exposure required, No
memory
- RAPID
second line
second line includes
phagocytes (neutrophils), complement, acute inflammatory reaction (acute phase reactants)
adaptive immunity, acquired
third line
specific, can recognize, can remember , can respond
third line
cannot recognize if self or non self
third line
slow acting
third line
benefits of third line defense
acquire immunologic memory
third line defense includes two
cellular (lymphocytes) humoral (antibodies, complement)
- recognized as a foreign body
- can be a protein, carbohydrate, or lipid
antigen
antigens of the host, no reaction in normal circumstances
autoantigens
antigen of the others
alloantigens
antigens from other species
heteroantigens
composition of antigen
epitope, haptens, carrier
- part of the antigen that reacts with antibody
- Each is recognized by different antibody
epitope
responsible for the specificity of the antigen
epitope
- partial antigen
- non immunogenic alone (it needs a carrier)
haptens
responsible for the molecular weight of the antigen
carrier
carriers are usually over ____ daltons
10,000 daltons
factors of immunogenicity
- foreignness
- number
- molecular weight
- complex
- structural stability
non self vs. self
foreignness
to produce a response, immunogen should be
a sufficient number
the ___ the MW, the more effective it is
the higher the more effective
more complex immunogenicity means more ___
effective
structural ability: with extensive branching
polysaccharides
structural ability: simple, lacks structural ability
lipids
structural ability: simple
nucleic acid
structural ability: complex with larger molecular weights
proteins
encoded from the gene found in short arm of chromosome 6
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Major Histocompatibility Complex is formerly
“Human Leukocyte Antigen”
Major Histocompatibility Complex can be found in all ___
nucleated cells
Can cause an immune response if transplanted
major histocompatibility complex
Major Histocompatibility Complex Binds to _____ within cell and transports it to _____
binds to peptides within cell and transports it to plasma membrane
Brings antigen to cell surface for recognition by T-cells
major histocompatibility complex/ human leukocyte antigen
Class I MHC is high levels on ___ including ___
nucleated cells including lymphocytes
Class I are low levels in the ___, ____, ____, and ___ cells
liver, neural, muscle, sperm cells
class I is recognized by ___
cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+
main types of MHC proteins
HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-E
more restricted MHC
Class II
MHC class II is found on ___, ____, ____
B-cells, Macrophage, Dendritic Cells (APC)
MHC that process extracellularly derived antigen
class II MHC
MHC Class II is recognized by ____ cells
T-helper cells (CD4+)
Main types of MHC Class II protein
HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR
molecules that bind to antigen and is very specific
antibodies/immunoglobulins
antibodies/immunoglobulins are __ shaped with ___ protein chains
y shaped with 4 protein chains
antibodies/immunoglobulins 4 protein chains contains:
2 Identical light chains and 2 heavy chains
connected by disulfide bonds
Antibodies/Immunoglobulins ae found in ___ and ___
plasma and other body fluids
antibody that occurs without stimulus
natural antibody
antibody that occurs with stimulus
immune antibody
against antigen of some species
alloantibodies
against self-antigens
autoantibodies
parts of antibodies
- variable regions
- constant regions
- FC region
- Hinge region
heavy chains: protein with around ___ amino acids and a MW of ____ daltons
440 amino acids, 40-50k daltons
constant region of ___ chains is unique and gives the antibody its name
heavy chain
genes that code for H chains are in
chromosome 14
with the kappa and lambda chains
light chains
kappa in l chains is with ___ amino acids
214 amino acids
lambda in l chains is with __ amino acids
213
