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Biology 101 > Molecular Basis of Inheritance > Flashcards

Molecular Basis of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

________ is DNA and not RNA, proteins or any other biological compound

A

The genetic material

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2
Q

Genetic material was shown in a series of experiments between what years?

A

1928-1952

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3
Q

DNA is composed of:

A

-one sugar, 2-deoxyribose

-four nitrogenous bases:
purines A and G
pyrimidines T and C

-phosphate groups

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4
Q

Sugar + base + phosphate =

A

= nucleotide

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5
Q

Nucleoside consists of a ___ + _____

A

sugar and base

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6
Q

A phosphate group consists of ____ + ___

A

1 P and 4 O’s

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7
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases?

A

A, G, C, T

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8
Q

The phosphate is attached to the –OH on the ____

A

no. 5 carbon of the sugar, the 5´ C

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9
Q

The –OH on the no. 3 carbon of the sugar, the 3´ C,

A

is free

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10
Q

Sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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11
Q

Sugar in RNA

A

Ribose

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12
Q

the purines in DNA and RNA

A

adenine (A) & guanine (G)

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13
Q

the pyrimidines in DNA and RNA

A

cytosine (C), thymine (T) in DNA & uracil (U) in RNA

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14
Q

DNA and RNA are polynucleotides made by linking nucleotides end-to-end by what process?

A

dehydration synthesis

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15
Q

The covalent bonds linking the adjacent sugars are called _____

A

phosphodiester bonds

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16
Q

The chain has a regular _____ backbone

A

sugar-phosphate

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17
Q

One end has a phosphate on ____

A

a 5 carbon end

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18
Q

The other end has an –OH on ____

A

a 3´ carbon

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19
Q

____ is exclusively double-stranded, com-posed of two polynucleotide chains

A

DNA

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20
Q

____ may be either single-stranded or double-stranded

A

RNA

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21
Q

DNA forms a double helix, first proposed by who and when?

A

Watson and Crick in 1953

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22
Q

helix is ___ handed

A

right

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23
Q

bases are located where on DNA?

A

Center

24
Q

They are flat and stacked like rungs in a twisted ladder

A

Bases

25
Q

What is the DNA backbone?

A

The “backbone” is (deoxyribose-phosphate)n

26
Q

The bases on the opposite strands form ______ with each other

A

H bonds

27
Q

what are A to T with 2 (A=T), G to C with 3 (G=-C)?

A

Base pairs

28
Q

A&T and G&C must be what to eachother?

A

complementary

29
Q
  • The 2 strands have the opposite orientation

- One runs 5´ to 3´, the other 3´ to 5´

A

Anti-parallel

30
Q

There are ___ base pairs in one complete turn of the helix

A

10

31
Q

The helix makes one turn every __ nm (__ Å

A

3.4, 34

32
Q

The distance between adjacent base pairs is thus __ nm (__ Å)

A

0.34, 3.4

33
Q

The diameter of the helix is __ nm (__ Å

A

2.0, 20

34
Q

The two strands separate and each serves as the template for the synthesis of a new strand during what phase?

A

S Phase

35
Q

Each “daughter” double helix consists of one ____ strand and one ____ strand

A

“old”, “new”

36
Q

DNA replication is thus said to be ____________

A

semiconservative

37
Q

_____ are added to the 3´ end of the chain

A

dNTPs

38
Q

The chain grows in the _____ direction

A

5´ to 3´

39
Q

enzymes that add dNTPs to the growing chain are called:

A

DNA polymerases

40
Q

In E. coli, there are three types of enzymes, called:

A

DNA polymerases I, II and III

41
Q

All three enzymes add _____ to the 3´ end of the chain, extending it in the 5´ to 3´ direction

A

dNTPs

42
Q

Most of the new DNA is made by:

A

DNA polymerase III

43
Q

On the _____, new DNA is made as one long continuous strand

A

leading strand

44
Q

On the lagging strand, however, new DNA is made in pieces called:

A

Okazaki fragments

45
Q

_______ was a pioneer Japanese molecular biologist, known for his pioneer research onDNA replication

A

Reiji Okazaki

46
Q

Ultimately, the Okazaki fragments are joined into one long continuous strand by the enzyme called:

A

DNA ligase

47
Q

DNA replication starts at a point on the DNA called the:

A

origin of replication

48
Q

Replication proceeds in what direction?

A

both

49
Q

The place where replication is occurring is called:

-There will be 2 moving away from origin

A

the replication fork

50
Q

On one side of each replication fork, DNA is made in the same direction the fork moves;

The new DNA made on this side of the fork is called:

A

the leading strand

51
Q

The new DNA made on this side of the fork is called the lagging strand;
The new DNA made on this side of the fork is called:

A

the lagging strand

52
Q

The lagging strands must be made in segments called:

A

Okazaki fragments

53
Q

Okazaki fragment 1 is made, the fork moves…..

A

….fragment 2 is made, and so on

54
Q

Eventually all the Okazaki fragments will be joined to make one long continuous strand by an enzyme called:

A

DNA ligase

55
Q

DNA polymerases cannot add the first dNTP in a new strand;

That’s done by an enzyme called ___ which makes a short primer of RNA

A

primase

56
Q

Eventually, the primer is removed by _____, which replaces it with DNA

A

DNA polymerase I

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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