Descent with Modification Flashcards
The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by two naturalists:
Charles Darwin
Alfred Russel Wallace
_____ (427–347 BC) and his student ____(384–322 BC) believed that species (“forms”) did not change
Plato, Aristotle
The idea of “fixed” species was the majority view until the 1800s; To him, resemblances be-tween species did not indicate kinship; who believed in this view?
Carolus Linnaeus, taxonomy
In 1650, ______ _____ Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland) (1581-1656) set the date of the creation of the Earth.
Based on a literal reading of the Bible, he calculated that the Earth was created in 4004 B.C
James Ussher,
In 1766, French naturalist ____ ____ _____1707–1788) suggested that the earth was much older than 6000 years bc of fossils
Georges Louis LeClerc, comte de Buffon (
_____ are the preserved imprints or remnants of extinct organisms
Fossils
the study of fossils, was largely developed by the French anatomist ____ _____(1769–1832)
Georges Cuvier
the study of fossils?
Paleontology,
From his study of fossils in sedimentary rock, _____ concluded that the plants and animals living on Earth had changed over time.
Cuvier
he proposed that extinctions were caused by a series of floods or droughts, i.e., catastrophes
Cuvier
He suggested that living species had arisen by diverging from extinct species
Buffon
organisms acquire traits that better adapt them to their environment and then pass these traits to their off-spring; who said it and what is this concept called?
- French naturalist Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744–1829)
- of inheritance of acquired characteristics
Parts of the body would become stronger through frequent use and weaker if not used
This is an example of the principle of use and disuse
who said Giraffes have long neck and stretch them, next generation would have long necks; but it was wrong
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
served as the naturalist on the surveying ship the H.M.S Beagle during its around-the-world voyage between 1831 and 1836
Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
_____ studied plants and animals in South America, Africa, Australia, and islands in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans
Darwin
_______ proposed that the geological features of the earth were the result of constant, uniform processes acting over long periods of time
Lyell
what is the name of this theory; geological features of the earth were the result of constant, uniform processes acting over long periods of time
uniformitarianism
theory which held that the earth was shaped by sudden, violent events (e.g., vast floods)
catastrophism
Darwin studied the animals on the ______ _____, which lie about 900 km (550 mi.) west of the coast of South America
Galápagos Islands
Among the animals he observed on the Galápagos Islands were
____, ____, _____
tortoises, iguanas, and finches:
A Galápagos tortoise named Harriet died in an Australian zoo in 2006 at an estimated age of;
175
Populations can increase ___________, but resources may increase only _______
exponentially, arithmetically
The maximum population that can be supported in a given environment is called the;
carrying capacity
predicted the human population would exceed the Earth’s carrying capacity
Malthus
______ spent four years collecting insects and other animal specimens in the Brazilian rainforest to sell to collectors back in England
Wallace
It was called On the Origin of Species by Means of Nat-ural Selection
1859
The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution: 1
Natural populations have the potential to increase rapidly (exponentially)
The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution: 2
The resources to support these populations (food and habitat) are limited (carrying capacity)
The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution: 3
Members of the population thus compete for these limiting resources
The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution:4
Members of the population differ in inherited characteristics
The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution: 5
Some are better adapted to the local environmental conditions
The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution: 6
The best-adapted have higher survival and reproduction, and thus contribute more offspring to the next generation
The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution; 7
Over time, the inherited characteristics that give higher survival and reproduc-tion will become more common in the population
The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution; 8
Evolution thus occurs in populations, as they adapt to the environment due to differential survival and reproduction
The theory is called evolution by natural selection because it is __ ______ _________ that selects which members of the population will survive and reproduce
the natural environment
It is selection that affects mating success
sexual selection
members of one sex compete for mates
intrasexual selection
one sex chooses mates from amoung the opposite sex
intersexual selection
Individuals do not evolve; it is the ____ that evolves
popu-lation
Natural selection can only act on ____ traits (not acquired traits)
inher-ited
Since environmental conditions vary from place to place, a trait that is adap-tive in one location may ___ be adaptive in another location
not
Natural selection is not a creative process; it can only act on _____ _____
existing variation
Natural selection does not anticipate the future; it favors traits that are adaptive in the current, local environment, not in a ____ ________
future environment
what comes from teosinte plant from 1000 years ago?
maize (corn)
All dog breeds are descended from the ___ ____
gray wolf (Canis lupus):
A 2013 study concluded that dogs were first domesticated in Europe between __-__ years ago
18,000and 32,100
The oldest known fossils are __ billion years old
3.7
- An increase in size
- An enlargement of the central toe, resulting in a hoof
- An increase in the size of the teeth and thickness of the enamel
horse
- began to swim by undulating the vertebral column up and down
- The forelimbs became pectoral fins
- The pelvis detached from the backbone and the hind limbs disappeared
whale
_________ is the study of the geo-graphical distribution of species on Earth
Biogeography
He found that most of the birds on the islands were ___; how many species?
finches; 13
What Darwin observed in the finches on the Galápagos is an example of the ___ ____
founder effect
This is the establishment of a new population by a few individuals; After arriving on the islands, the founder finches had several habitats to themselves; The descendants of the immigrants competed not with other bird species, but among themselves
founder effect
The finch population adapted to variations in local conditions, including:
- Food sources (fruit, insects, cactus, seeds)
- Habitat (trees vs. the ground)
Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their communities
adaptive radiation,
Other examples of adaptive radiation: Hawaiian islands
The honeycreepers on the Hawaiian Islands:
Other examples of adaptive radiation: south america
heliconius butterfly
Other examples of adaptive radiation: Africa
cichlid
Other examples of adaptive radiation: Australia
marsupials; KOALA, KANGAROOO, WOMBAT
The niche filled in North America by the groundhog, a placental mammal, is filled in Australia by the_____, a marsupial
wombat
birds came from???
dinosaurs
involves com-paring body structures between modern-day species
Comparative anatomy
The forelimbs of mammals are examples of _____ ______, which are similar because of common ancestry
homologous structures
mammial descend from a animal with how many digits?
5
humans and giraffes have the same amount of what? something that all mammials have this number of
cervical vertebrae; 7
What two animals have the exception to 7 cervical vertebrae?
sloths and manatees
swans have how many c-spine?
22-25
_ in 500 humans the 7th cervical vertebra forms a pair of ribs
The frequency of cancer in people with this condition is ___ times normal
1, 125
have the same function but different underlying anatomy and embryonic origin
analogous structures
Analogous structures ______ indicate common ancestry
do not
Analogous structures are the product of what evolution
convergent evolution
when organisms that are not closely related come to resemble each other due to exposure to similar selective forces
convergent evolution
example of convergent evolution: ocean animals?
shark, dolphin. ichthyosaur
example of convergent evolution: human
human embryo and chicken embryo
anatomical structures that are reduced and have no apparent function.
vestigial structures,
example of vestigial structures:
eyes in sightless salamanders and fish, wings in bird that cant fly
involves comparing cells, organelles, proteins, and DNA from different species
Comparative biochemistry
- Cell structure is similar in all organisms
- All organisms use the same basic genetic machinery involving DNA and RNA
- The genetic code is the same in all organ-isms (with a few minor exceptions)
comparative biochemistry
can amino acids in proteins be compared?
YES
